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␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ αJ␈↓
␈↓&Syllabus for Qualifying Exam in Artificial Intelligence␈↓)αβ␈↓


␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ∧#Department of Computer Science
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ¬	Stanford University
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ¬JSpring 1979

␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ α_The␈α∞syllabus␈α∞this␈α∂year␈α∞is␈α∞an␈α∞updated␈α∂version␈α∞of␈α∞the␈α∞one␈α∂prepared␈α∞in
␈↓ ↓H␈↓1975.␈α∞ Like␈α∞that␈α∂one,␈α∞it␈α∞is␈α∂organized␈α∞to␈α∞present␈α∞a␈α∂picture␈α∞of␈α∞the␈α∂range␈α∞of
␈↓ ↓H␈↓knowledge␈α∂expected␈α∞of␈α∂Ph.D.␈α∞candidates␈α∂in␈α∞Artificial␈α∂Intelligence,␈α∞rather
␈↓ ↓H␈↓than␈α
specifying␈α
a␈α
fixed␈α
list␈α∞of␈α
readings.␈α
 There␈α
are␈α
a␈α
number␈α∞of␈α
different
␈↓ ↓H␈↓dimensions␈αalong␈αwhich␈αwe␈αcould␈αdivide␈αup␈αthe␈αmaterial.␈α The␈αattempt␈αin
␈↓ ↓H␈↓the␈α→earlier␈α→version␈α→to␈α→establish␈α→a␈α→thorough␈α→categorization␈α~has␈α→been
␈↓ ↓H␈↓replaced␈α∪this␈α∩year␈α∪with␈α∩a␈α∪less␈α∩formal,␈α∪more␈α∩realistic␈α∪organization.␈α∩ We
␈↓ ↓H␈↓have␈α⊂listed␈α⊂a␈α∂number␈α⊂of␈α⊂"topics"␈α⊂with␈α∂a␈α⊂short␈α⊂paragraph␈α⊂describing␈α∂the
␈↓ ↓H␈↓necessary␈α⊃reading␈α⊃for␈α⊃each.␈α∩ These␈α⊃topics␈α⊃overlap␈α⊃in␈α⊃various␈α∩ways,␈α⊃and
␈↓ ↓H␈↓reflect␈αidiosyncratic␈αviews␈αof␈αhow␈αthings␈αdivide␈αup␈αwithout␈αany␈αattempt
␈↓ ↓H␈↓to␈α∃provide␈α∃a␈α∀consistent␈α∃classification.␈α∃Hopefully␈α∀the␈α∃set␈α∃of␈α∀references
␈↓ ↓H␈↓included␈α∩with␈α⊃each␈α∩item␈α⊃will␈α∩make␈α∩it␈α⊃possible␈α∩for␈α⊃students␈α∩to␈α∩select␈α⊃a
␈↓ ↓H␈↓reasonable␈α
number␈α∞of␈α
readings␈α∞which␈α
will␈α
fill␈α∞any␈α
knowledge␈α∞gaps.␈α
 The
␈↓ ↓H␈↓long␈α≠reading␈α≠list␈α≠is␈α≠intended␈α≠as␈α≠a␈α≠source␈α≠of␈α≠details␈α≠on␈α~individual
␈↓ ↓H␈↓references,␈α∂not␈α∂as␈α∂a␈α∂necessary␈α∂set␈α∂of␈α∂things␈α∂to␈α∂read.␈α∂ It␈α∂includes␈α∂a␈α∂rough
␈↓ ↓H␈↓indication␈α∀of␈α∃what␈α∀sort␈α∃of␈α∀understanding␈α∀is␈α∃most␈α∀important␈α∃for␈α∀each
␈↓ ↓H␈↓reference␈α
--␈α
whether␈αthere␈α
is␈α
a␈α
general␈αperspective,␈α
one␈α
or␈α
more␈αspecific
␈↓ ↓H␈↓concepts,␈αand/or␈αa␈αbody␈αof␈αdetail␈αwith␈αwhich␈αstudents␈αare␈αexpected␈αto␈αbe
␈↓ ↓H␈↓fluent.␈α↔ These␈α↔indications␈α↔are␈α↔of␈α↔course␈α↔based␈α↔on␈α↔the␈α_prejudices␈α↔and
␈↓ ↓H␈↓peculiarities␈α
of␈α
the␈α
committee␈α
making␈αup␈α
the␈α
syllabus,␈α
and␈α
should␈α
not␈αbe
␈↓ ↓H␈↓taken␈αas␈α
representing␈αthe␈α
views␈αof␈α
anyone␈αelse␈α
(including␈αthe␈αmembers␈α
of
␈↓ ↓H␈↓individual exam committees).

␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ α_Please␈α⊃send␈α⊂any␈α⊃comments␈α⊂or␈α⊃suggestions␈α⊂on␈α⊃the␈α⊂syllabus␈α⊃to␈α⊂Terry
␈↓ ↓H␈↓Winograd␈α→(TW@SAIL),␈α_Doug␈α→Lenat␈α_(LENAT@SUMEX),␈α→or␈α→Jim␈α_Davidson
␈↓ ↓H␈↓(JED@SAIL,␈α
who␈α
did␈α
most␈α
of␈α
the␈α
work␈α
in␈α
updating␈α
the␈α
syllabus).␈α
 We␈αare
␈↓ ↓H␈↓hoping␈α∂to␈α∂get␈α∞lots␈α∂of␈α∂feedback,␈α∂and␈α∞continue␈α∂building␈α∂toward␈α∂a␈α∞syllabus
␈↓ ↓H␈↓which␈α
really␈α
describes␈αwhat␈α
there␈α
is␈αto␈α
know␈α
[and␈αwhat␈α
is␈α
important␈αto
␈↓ ↓H␈↓know] about AI, to be built on year after year.
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓α␈↓␈↓ ε0␈↓ β1





␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ε⊗␈↓
 1 ␈↓



␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ∧"␈↓
␈↓&Mechanics of the Examination␈↓)αβ␈↓





␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ α_The␈α∀examination␈α∪will␈α∀be␈α∪an␈α∀individually-scheduled␈α∪oral,␈α∀before␈α∪a
␈↓ ↓H␈↓committee␈αconsisting␈α
of␈αthree␈αmembers,␈α
chosen␈αfrom␈αthe␈α
faculty,␈αadjunct
␈↓ ↓H␈↓faculty,␈αsenior␈α
research␈αstaff,␈αand␈α
possibly␈αappropriate␈α
senior␈αresearchers
␈↓ ↓H␈↓from␈α∂AI␈α∂facilities␈α⊂in␈α∂the␈α∂area␈α∂like␈α⊂SRI␈α∂and␈α∂Xerox␈α∂PARC.␈α⊂ Each␈α∂committee
␈↓ ↓H␈↓will␈α∩include␈α∩at␈α∩least␈α∩one␈α∩faculty␈α∪member␈α∩and␈α∩at␈α∩least␈α∩one␈α∩person␈α∪in␈α∩a
␈↓ ↓H␈↓potential␈α→area␈α→of␈α_specialization␈α→of␈α→the␈α_candidate.␈α→ The␈α→candidate␈α_can
␈↓ ↓H␈↓request␈αa␈αparticular␈αperson␈αin␈αhis␈αor␈αher␈αarea,␈αbut␈αthe␈αQual␈αcommittee␈αhas
␈↓ ↓H␈↓final␈αchoice␈αof␈αexamining␈αcommittees.␈α  We␈αplan␈αto␈αhold␈αthe␈αexaminations
␈↓ ↓H␈↓during␈α∩the␈α⊃first␈α∩two␈α⊃weeks␈α∩of␈α⊃June.␈α∩ If␈α⊃there␈α∩are␈α⊃special␈α∩reasons␈α⊃why
␈↓ ↓H␈↓someone␈α~cannot␈α~take␈α~it␈α~at␈α~that␈α~time,␈α~we␈α~will␈α~try␈α~to␈α≠make␈α~other
␈↓ ↓H␈↓arrangements.

␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ α_At␈αleast␈αtwo␈αweeks␈αbefore␈αa␈αstudent's␈αexamination,␈αhe␈αor␈αshe␈αwill␈αbe
␈↓ ↓H␈↓given␈α
either:␈α
(i)␈α
a␈αproblem␈α
to␈α
be␈α
worked␈α
on␈αan␈α
open-book␈α
basis;␈α
or␈α
(ii)␈αa
␈↓ ↓H␈↓research␈α
paper␈α
on␈α
which␈α
he␈α∞or␈α
she␈α
will␈α
write␈α
a␈α
critique.␈α∞ Those␈α
students
␈↓ ↓H␈↓who␈αprepared␈α
papers␈αfor␈αthe␈α
qual␈αlast␈αyear,␈α
but␈αdid␈αnot␈α
pass␈αthe␈αoral␈α
exam
␈↓ ↓H␈↓can␈α
use␈α
the␈α
same␈αpapers␈α
as␈α
the␈α
basis␈α
for␈αthis␈α
year's␈α
exam␈α
if␈α
they␈αwish.␈α
 The
␈↓ ↓H␈↓papers␈α∂are␈α⊂to␈α∂be␈α⊂handed␈α∂in␈α⊂to␈α∂the␈α⊂qual␈α∂committee␈α⊂(Doug␈α∂Lenat␈α⊂or␈α∂Terry
␈↓ ↓H␈↓Winograd)␈α
no␈α
later␈α
than␈α
one␈α
week␈αbefore␈α
the␈α
exam.␈α
 The␈α
members␈α
of␈αthe
␈↓ ↓H␈↓individual␈αexam␈α
committee␈αwill␈α
be␈αgiven␈α
copies␈αof␈α
the␈αsolution␈α
or␈αpaper,
␈↓ ↓H␈↓and␈α∩the␈α∩first␈α∩section␈α∩of␈α∩the␈α∩exam␈α∩(up␈α∩to␈α∩an␈α∩hour)␈α∩will␈α∩center␈α⊃around
␈↓ ↓H␈↓issues␈α⊃raised␈α∩by␈α⊃the␈α⊃work␈α∩done.␈α⊃ The␈α⊃rest␈α∩of␈α⊃the␈α⊃exam␈α∩will␈α⊃be␈α∩on␈α⊃any
␈↓ ↓H␈↓questions␈αthe␈αexaminers␈αconsider␈αappropriate.␈αThe␈αpurpose␈αof␈αthe␈αexam␈αis
␈↓ ↓H␈↓to␈αdemonstrate␈αthat␈αthe␈αstudent␈αhas␈αdone␈αsufficient␈αreading␈αand␈αthinking
␈↓ ↓H␈↓to␈α∞fit␈α
his␈α∞or␈α∞her␈α
individual␈α∞research␈α
into␈α∞a␈α∞perspective␈α
of␈α∞other␈α∞work␈α
in
␈↓ ↓H␈↓AI.␈α∞ This␈α∞includes␈α∞detailed␈α∞knowledge␈α∞of␈α∞some␈α∞other␈α∞existing␈α∞work,␈α
both
␈↓ ↓H␈↓in␈αthe␈αsub-area␈αin␈αwhich␈αthe␈αstudent␈αintends␈αto␈αdo␈αresearch,␈αand␈αin␈αother
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓αMechanics of the Examination␈↓␈↓ β2


␈↓ ↓H␈↓sub-areas.␈α The␈αcommittee␈αshould␈αbe␈αsatisfied␈αthat␈αthe␈αstudent␈αalready␈αhas
␈↓ ↓H␈↓a␈αsufficient␈αgrasp␈αof␈α
both␈αthe␈αgeneral␈αissues␈α
and␈αof␈αa␈αreasonable␈αamount␈α
of
␈↓ ↓H␈↓technical␈α
detail.␈α
 It␈α
would␈αbe␈α
unwise␈α
to␈α
assume␈αthat␈α
it␈α
is␈α
only␈αnecessary␈α
to
␈↓ ↓H␈↓know␈α⊗a␈α⊗subset␈α⊗of␈α⊗the␈α⊗topics␈α⊗listed␈α⊗below␈α⊗by␈α⊗matching␈α⊗them␈α↔to␈α⊗the
␈↓ ↓H␈↓individual␈αexaminers.␈α The␈αpurpose␈αof␈αthe␈αexam␈αis␈αto␈αlook␈αfor␈αbredth,␈αnot
␈↓ ↓H␈↓for␈α∞conformity␈α
to␈α∞the␈α∞particular␈α
committee,␈α∞and␈α
questions␈α∞from␈α∞all␈α
areas
␈↓ ↓H␈↓are␈α∂fair␈α∞game.␈α∂ The␈α∞exam␈α∂is␈α∂not␈α∞intended␈α∂as␈α∞a␈α∂device␈α∞to␈α∂decide␈α∂who␈α∞will
␈↓ ↓H␈↓and␈α⊃will␈α⊃not␈α⊃be␈α⊃able␈α⊃to␈α∩continue␈α⊃in␈α⊃the␈α⊃program,␈α⊃but␈α⊃rather␈α⊃a␈α∩way␈α⊃of
␈↓ ↓H␈↓focussing␈αeffort␈αon␈αa␈αcomprehensive␈α
study␈αof␈αAI,␈αand␈αa␈αway␈α
of␈αproviding
␈↓ ↓H␈↓students␈α≠with␈α≠specific␈α~diagnostics␈α≠for␈α≠gaps␈α~in␈α≠their␈α≠knowledge␈α~or
␈↓ ↓H␈↓understanding.  The possible outcomes of the exam are:

␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ α_Pass␈α
unconditionally:␈α
The␈α∞student␈α
has␈α
a␈α∞satisfactory␈α
knowledge
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ αhof all areas

␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ α_Pass␈α∪conditionally:␈α∪The␈α∪student␈α∪has␈α∪some␈α∪lacks␈α∪which␈α∪can␈α∩be
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ αhmade␈α↔up␈α↔by␈α↔directed␈α↔work,␈α↔such␈α↔as␈α↔the␈α_completion␈α↔of
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ αhspecific␈α≤course(s)␈α≥or␈α≤specific␈α≤research␈α≥project(s).␈α≤ The
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ αhcommittee␈α∞will␈α∞set␈α∞both␈α∞the␈α∞scope␈α∞of␈α∞the␈α∞work␈α∞and␈α∂a␈α∞time
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ αhperiod␈α∀in␈α∃which␈α∀it␈α∃must␈α∀be␈α∀completed␈α∃in␈α∀order␈α∃for␈α∀the
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ αhexamination to count as passed.

␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ α_Continuation␈α
of␈α∞the␈α
examination:␈α
The␈α∞student␈α
has␈α
a␈α∞lack␈α
which
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ αhdemands␈α∪a␈α∀moderate␈α∪amount␈α∀of␈α∪further␈α∀study␈α∪in␈α∀one␈α∪or
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ αhmore␈α∞areas,␈α∞and␈α∞a␈α∞second␈α∞oral␈α∞examination␈α∞(with␈α∂the␈α∞same
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ αhcommittee) will be scheduled within the next quarter.

␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ α_Defer:␈α∀The␈α∀student␈α∀has␈α∀significant␈α∀gaps␈α∀in␈α∀knowledge␈α∀which
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ αhcannot␈α∀be␈α∃made␈α∀up␈α∀by␈α∃limited␈α∀correctives.␈α∃ Candidate␈α∀is
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ αhrequired␈αto␈αtake␈αthe␈αexam␈αanother␈αtime␈αit␈αis␈αoffered,␈αunder
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ αhwhatever system is in effect then.
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓α␈↓␈↓ β3





␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ε⊗␈↓
 2 ␈↓



␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ∧|␈↓
␈↓&Topics to be studied␈↓)αβ␈↓





␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ α_ As␈αmentioned␈αabove,␈αthis␈αis␈αnot␈αintended␈αas␈αa␈αcomplete␈αor␈αstructured
␈↓ ↓H␈↓classification.␈α It␈αis␈αa␈αlist␈αof␈αanswers␈αto␈αthe␈αvague␈αquestion␈α"What␈αkinds␈αof
␈↓ ↓H␈↓things␈α
should␈α∞AI␈α
students␈α∞know␈α
about?".␈α∞ There␈α
is␈α∞no␈α
significance␈α∞to␈α
the
␈↓ ↓H␈↓ordering.
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ αH        General Perspective
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ αH        Weak Methods
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ αH        Epistemological problems of AI and the use of formal logic
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ αH        Knowledge Engineering - Expert Systems
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ αH        Knowledge Representation Formalisms
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ αH        Game Playing
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ αH        Planning and Common-sense Reasoning
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ αH        Mathematical theorem proving and discovery
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ αH        Natural Language
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ αH        Speech understanding
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ αH        Vision
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ αH        Physical manipulation
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ αH        Automatic Programming and Program Verification
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ αH        Learning and Inductive Inference
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ αH        Psychological Models
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ αH        Automata and Formal Language Theory
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ αH        Programming Languages for AI
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ αH        Philosophical Implications
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ αH        Political and Social Implications
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ αH        History and politics of the field
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓αTopics to be studied␈↓␈↓ β4


␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓α2.1. General Perspective␈↓


␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ α_There␈α⊂are␈α⊂several␈α⊂recent␈α⊂books␈α∂on␈α⊂AI␈α⊂which␈α⊂attempt␈α⊂to␈α⊂provide␈α∂an
␈↓ ↓H␈↓overview.␈α∂  Of␈α∂these,␈α⊂[Boden␈α∂AI]␈α∂and␈α∂[Winston␈α⊂AI]␈α∂are␈α∂the␈α⊂best␈α∂starting
␈↓ ↓H␈↓point.␈α Shorter␈αarticles␈αwhich␈αprovide␈αlong-term␈αperspective␈αare␈α[Minsky
␈↓ ↓H␈↓STEPS],␈α
[Feigenbaum␈α∞IFIP],␈α
and␈α
[Nilsson␈α∞OVERVIEW].␈α
 In␈α
addition,␈α∞the␈α
AI
␈↓ ↓H␈↓handbook␈α⊃will␈α⊃provide␈α⊃an␈α⊃overview␈α∩of␈α⊃lots␈α⊃of␈α⊃AI␈α⊃issues,␈α⊃and␈α∩copies␈α⊃of
␈↓ ↓H␈↓some parts are available.



␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓α2.2. Weak Methods␈↓


␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ α_Classicaly,␈α
AI␈α∞has␈α
been␈α∞associated␈α
with␈α∞a␈α
set␈α∞of␈α
methods␈α∞for␈α
problem
␈↓ ↓H␈↓solving␈α_and␈α_search␈α_which␈α→have␈α_been␈α_called␈α_"weak␈α→methods".␈α_ These
␈↓ ↓H␈↓include␈α⊂early␈α⊂work␈α⊃such␈α⊂as␈α⊂GPS␈α⊂[Newell,␈α⊃Shaw,␈α⊂and␈α⊂Simon],␈α⊃notions␈α⊂of
␈↓ ↓H␈↓heuristic␈αsearch␈αas␈αdescribed␈αin␈α[Nilsson␈αAI]␈αand␈α[Handbook␈αSEARCH],␈αand
␈↓ ↓H␈↓more␈α∞theoretical␈α∞ideas␈α
abot␈α∞problem␈α∞spaces␈α
discussed␈α∞in␈α∞[Newell␈α∞ILL]␈α
and
␈↓ ↓H␈↓at␈α
length␈α
in␈α
[Newell␈α
&␈α
Simon␈α
HPS].␈α
 Students␈α
are␈α
expected␈α
to␈α
be␈αfamiliar
␈↓ ↓H␈↓enough␈α∪with␈α∪the␈α∩technical␈α∪details␈α∪to␈α∩demonstrate␈α∪how␈α∪the␈α∩techniques
␈↓ ↓H␈↓operate,␈α∂but␈α∂will␈α∂not␈α∂be␈α⊂asked␈α∂to␈α∂prove␈α∂theorems␈α∂or␈α⊂remember␈α∂complex
␈↓ ↓H␈↓results.



␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓α2.3. Epistemological problems of AI and the use of formal logic␈↓


␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ α_The␈α
problem␈α
of␈α
describing␈α
facts␈α
about␈α
the␈α
world␈α
including␈α
the␈α
effects
␈↓ ↓H␈↓of␈αactions␈αhas␈αbeen␈αstudied␈αapart␈αfrom␈αspecific␈αproblem␈αsolving␈αprograms.
␈↓ ↓H␈↓This␈α⊃work␈α⊃has␈α⊃used␈α⊃first␈α⊃order␈α⊃logic␈α⊃to␈α⊃express␈α⊃facts␈α⊃about␈α⊃the␈α⊂world.
␈↓ ↓H␈↓These␈α→issues␈α→are␈α~discussed␈α→in␈α→[McCarthy␈α~and␈α→Hayes]␈α→and␈α~in␈α→[Hayes
␈↓ ↓H␈↓DEFENCE].␈α⊃ Many␈α⊃current␈α⊂issues␈α⊃are␈α⊃discussed␈α⊂in␈α⊃[McCarthy␈α⊃5IJCAI].␈α⊂ A
␈↓ ↓H␈↓new␈α
approach␈α
is␈α∞described␈α
in␈α
[Weyrauch␈α
PROLEGOMENA].␈α∞ The␈α
relevance
␈↓ ↓H␈↓of␈αtheorem␈αproving␈αto␈αproblem␈αsolving␈α
is␈αdiscussed␈αin␈α[Green␈αTP],␈αand␈α
the
␈↓ ↓H␈↓techniques␈α⊂of␈α⊂resolution␈α⊂theorem␈α∂proving␈α⊂are␈α⊂described␈α⊂in␈α⊂[Nilsson␈α∂AI].
␈↓ ↓H␈↓As␈α∩with␈α⊃weak␈α∩methods,␈α∩students␈α⊃are␈α∩expected␈α∩to␈α⊃be␈α∩familiar␈α∩with␈α⊃the
␈↓ ↓H␈↓basic␈α≥mechanisms␈α≤(e.g.␈α≥be␈α≥able␈α≤to␈α≥demonstrate␈α≤a␈α≥simple␈α≥proof␈α≤by
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓αTopics to be studied␈↓␈↓ β5


␈↓ ↓H␈↓resolution,␈α
or␈α
explain␈α∞the␈α
issues␈α
in␈α
unification)␈α∞but␈α
will␈α
not␈α∞be␈α
required
␈↓ ↓H␈↓to␈α⊃know␈α⊂sophisticated␈α⊃technical␈α⊂results␈α⊃(e.g.␈α⊂prove␈α⊃the␈α⊃completeness␈α⊂of
␈↓ ↓H␈↓resolution␈α∪with␈α∀the␈α∪X␈α∀heuristic).␈α∪ A␈α∀tutorial␈α∪on␈α∀some␈α∪of␈α∀the␈α∪relevant
␈↓ ↓H␈↓mathematics is in [Manna MTC].



␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓α2.4. Knowledge Engineering - Expert Systems␈↓


␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ α_Much␈α⊂of␈α⊂current␈α⊂AI␈α⊂work␈α⊃is␈α⊂being␈α⊂subsumed␈α⊂under␈α⊂the␈α⊃heading␈α⊂of
␈↓ ↓H␈↓"knowledge␈α≤engineering".␈α≤ [Bernstein␈α≤KBS]␈α≤is␈α≤a␈α≤general␈α≥survey␈α≤of
␈↓ ↓H␈↓knowledge␈α
based␈αsystems.␈α
 [Winston␈α
AI]␈αgives␈α
a␈α
general␈αidea␈α
of␈αsystems␈α
of
␈↓ ↓H␈↓this␈α∪kind␈α∪done␈α∪at␈α∪MIT,␈α∪and␈α∪[Feigenbaum␈α∪IJCAI5]␈α∪describes␈α∀the␈α∪general
␈↓ ↓H␈↓approach.␈α∂ A␈α∂number␈α∂of␈α∂expert␈α∂systems␈α∂have␈α∂been␈α∂built␈α∂in␈α∂the␈α∂past␈α∂few
␈↓ ↓H␈↓years.␈α⊗ Students␈α⊗should␈α⊗be␈α⊗familiar␈α⊗with␈α⊗the␈α⊗general␈α⊗capabilities␈α∃and
␈↓ ↓H␈↓design.␈α~ Areas␈α≠include:␈α~Algebraic␈α≠Manipulation␈α~[Martin␈α≠and␈α~Fateman
␈↓ ↓H␈↓MACSYMA];␈α)Chemistry␈α)[Feigenbaum␈α)et.␈α)al.␈α*DENDRAL];␈α)Medicine
␈↓ ↓H␈↓[Shortliffe␈α↔MYCIN],␈α↔[Pople␈α_??];␈α↔Molecular␈α↔Genetics␈α↔[??];␈α_and␈α↔Mineral
␈↓ ↓H␈↓Exploration [Duda et al PROSPECTOR].



␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓α2.5. Knowledge Representation Formalisms␈↓


␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ α_A␈α⊃number␈α⊃of␈α⊂current␈α⊃AI␈α⊃research␈α⊂projects␈α⊃are␈α⊃centered␈α⊃around␈α⊂the
␈↓ ↓H␈↓development␈α∂of␈α∂knowledge␈α∂representation␈α∂languages.␈α∂ Some␈α∂of␈α⊂the␈α∂early
␈↓ ↓H␈↓issues␈α∞in␈α∞representation␈α∞are␈α∞discussed␈α∞in␈α∞[Amarel␈α∞ACTIONS]␈α∞and␈α∞[Bobrow
␈↓ ↓H␈↓DIMENSIONS].␈α≡ More␈α≡recent␈α≡discussions␈α≡include␈α≡[Winograd␈α≡FRAME],
␈↓ ↓H␈↓[Hayes␈α≥DEFENCE],␈α≤and␈α≥[Winograd␈α≤EXTENDED].␈α≥ Students␈α≥should␈α≤be
␈↓ ↓H␈↓familiar␈α→with␈α→at␈α→least␈α→the␈α→following␈α→general␈α→approaches:␈α_Procedural
␈↓ ↓H␈↓Embedding␈α-[Hewitt␈α,APPRENTICE];␈α-Semantic␈α-Networks␈α,[Quillian
␈↓ ↓H␈↓SEMANTIC␈α∪MEMORY],␈α∀[Woods␈α∪LINK],␈α∪[Hendrix,␈α∀PARTITION],␈α∪[Brachman
␈↓ ↓H␈↓CONCEPT];␈α∞Conceptual␈α∂Dependency␈α∞[Schank␈α∞in␈α∂S&C];␈α∞Frames,␈α∂Scripts,␈α∞etc.
␈↓ ↓H␈↓[Minsky␈α∪FRAMES],␈α∪[Schank␈α∀and␈α∪Abelson␈α∪SCRIPTS];␈α∀Production␈α∪Systems
␈↓ ↓H␈↓[Davis␈α∂&␈α∂King␈α∂OVERVIEW];␈α∞Description␈α∂Languages␈α∂[Bobrow␈α∂&␈α∞Winograd
␈↓ ↓H␈↓KRL]
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓αTopics to be studied␈↓␈↓ β6


␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓α2.6. Game Playing␈↓


␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ α_One␈α
of␈α
the␈α
earliest␈αand␈α
most␈α
publicized␈α
areas␈αof␈α
AI␈α
research␈α
has␈αbeen
␈↓ ↓H␈↓game␈α∂playing␈α∞programs,␈α∂such␈α∞as␈α∂those␈α∞for␈α∂checkers␈α∞[Samuel␈α∂in␈α∂C&T]␈α∞and
␈↓ ↓H␈↓Chess␈α⊗[Greenblatt␈α⊗FJCC].␈α⊗ Students␈α⊗should␈α⊗be␈α⊗familiar␈α⊗with␈α↔the␈α⊗basic
␈↓ ↓H␈↓techniques␈α⊃(e.g.␈α∩Minimax␈α⊃and␈α∩alpha-beta)␈α⊃and␈α⊃some␈α∩of␈α⊃the␈α∩more␈α⊃subtle
␈↓ ↓H␈↓problems␈α
(e.g.␈α
 the␈α
horizon␈α
effect␈α
[Berliner␈α
IJCAI3]␈α
and␈α
the␈α
use␈α
of␈α
patterns
␈↓ ↓H␈↓[Simon␈α⊂1973]).␈α⊂ Basic␈α⊃techniques␈α⊂are␈α⊂taught␈α⊃in␈α⊂[Nilsson␈α⊂AI]␈α⊃and␈α⊂[Slagle
␈↓ ↓H␈↓AI].



␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓α2.7. Planning and Common-sense Reasoning␈↓


␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ α_Much␈α∞of␈α∞the␈α
AI␈α∞work␈α∞related␈α
to␈α∞robotics␈α∞dealt␈α
with␈α∞the␈α∞planning␈α
of
␈↓ ↓H␈↓action␈α⊂sequences.␈α⊂ GPS␈α⊂[Newell,␈α⊂Shaw␈α⊂and␈α⊂Simon]␈α⊂was␈α⊂the␈α⊂early␈α⊂classic,
␈↓ ↓H␈↓and␈α
other␈α
well␈α
known␈α
systems␈αare␈α
STRIPS␈α
[Fikes,␈α
Hart,␈α
Nilsson]␈αand␈α
NOAH
␈↓ ↓H␈↓[Sacerdoti␈α~NONLINEAR].␈α~ An␈α~early␈α~discussion␈α~of␈α~the␈α~problems␈α≠is␈α~in
␈↓ ↓H␈↓[McCarthy ADVICE-TAKER].



␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓α2.8. Mathematical theorem proving and discovery␈↓


␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ α_Mathematics␈α↔has␈α↔always␈α↔been␈α↔an␈α↔important␈α↔domain␈α↔for␈α↔AI.␈α↔ The
␈↓ ↓H␈↓Geometry␈αtheorem␈αprover␈α
[Gelernter]␈αwas␈αan␈α
early␈αprogram.␈α More␈α
recent
␈↓ ↓H␈↓efforts␈α
in␈α∞mathematical␈α
theorem␈α∞proving␈α
are␈α∞discussed␈α
in␈α∞[Bledsoe␈α
MAN-
␈↓ ↓H␈↓MACHINE].␈α∞ The␈α∞mechanization␈α∞of␈α∞mathematical␈α∞discovery␈α∞is␈α∞discussed␈α
in
␈↓ ↓H␈↓[Lenat IJCAI5].



␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓α2.9. Natural Language␈↓


␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ α_Much␈α∃of␈α⊗the␈α∃research␈α⊗on␈α∃natural␈α∃language␈α⊗is␈α∃summarized␈α⊗in␈α∃the
␈↓ ↓H␈↓handbook␈α$articles␈α$[Handbook␈α$NL]␈α$and␈α$the␈α$drafts␈α$of␈α$[Winograd
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓αTopics to be studied␈↓␈↓ β7


␈↓ ↓H␈↓LANGUAGE].␈α⊃ Students␈α⊂should␈α⊃be␈α⊃aware␈α⊂of␈α⊃the␈α⊂general␈α⊃content␈α⊃of␈α⊂these
␈↓ ↓H␈↓and␈α∂familiar␈α∂with␈α∂the␈α∂issues␈α∞which␈α∂arise␈α∂in␈α∂parsing␈α∂and␈α∂reasoning␈α∞with
␈↓ ↓H␈↓natural␈α↔language.␈α↔ This␈α↔includes␈α↔a␈α↔level␈α↔of␈α↔understanding␈α↔of␈α↔parsing
␈↓ ↓H␈↓techniques␈α∩(CFG,␈α∩ATN,␈α∩TG,␈α∩etc.)␈α∩similar␈α∩to␈α∩that␈α∩of␈α∩heuristic␈α∩search␈α∩and
␈↓ ↓H␈↓theorem␈α_proving␈α_discussed␈α_in␈α_sections␈α_above.␈α_ Early␈α_work␈α_in␈α_NL␈α↔is
␈↓ ↓H␈↓described␈α
in␈α[Simmons␈α
SURVEY␈α
1965]␈α[Simmons␈α
SURVEY␈α
1970],␈α[Minsky
␈↓ ↓H␈↓SIP␈α
(browse)],␈α
and␈α
[Weizenbaum␈α
ELIZA].␈α
 [Handbook␈α
NL]␈α
gives␈αa␈α
summary
␈↓ ↓H␈↓of␈αwork␈αin␈αMachine␈αTranslation.␈α Many␈αpapers␈αreflecting␈αcurrent␈αresearch
␈↓ ↓H␈↓interests␈α⊂are␈α⊃found␈α⊂in␈α⊃[Schank␈α⊂and␈α⊃Nash-Webber␈α⊂TINLAP-1]␈α⊃and␈α⊂[Waltz
␈↓ ↓H␈↓TINLAP-2].



␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓α2.10. Speech understanding␈↓


␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ α_Work␈αin␈α
Speech␈αsystems␈α
is␈αwell␈α
summarized␈αin␈α
the␈αhandbook,␈α
and␈αin
␈↓ ↓H␈↓[Reddy␈α→in␈α→IEEE],␈α→[Woods␈α→IEEE],␈α→[Walker␈α→IJCAI5],␈α~[Newell␈α→SPEECH],
␈↓ ↓H␈↓[Erman & Lesser IJCAI4] and [Erman & Lesser IJCAI5].



␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓α2.11. Vision␈↓


␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ α_A␈α⊂general␈α⊂bibliography␈α⊂and␈α⊃a␈α⊂bibliography␈α⊂of␈α⊂Stanford␈α⊃reports␈α⊂and
␈↓ ↓H␈↓publications␈α
are␈α
available␈αfrom␈α
Tom␈α
Binford.␈α Parts␈α
of␈α
[Winston]␈αcontain␈α
a
␈↓ ↓H␈↓good␈αintroduction␈αto␈αsome␈αareas␈αof␈αscene␈αanalysis.␈α [Waltz]␈αpresents␈αwork
␈↓ ↓H␈↓on␈α→analysis␈α_of␈α→line␈α_drawings.␈α→ [Thomas␈α_and␈α→Binford]␈α_give␈α→an␈α_early
␈↓ ↓H␈↓comparison␈α∂of␈α∂machine␈α∂perception␈α∂and␈α∂natural␈α∂perception.␈α∂ [Nevatia␈α∂and
␈↓ ↓H␈↓Binford]␈α≤describe␈α≠recognition␈α≤of␈α≠complex␈α≤objects.␈α≤ [Marr]␈α≠discusses
␈↓ ↓H␈↓aspects␈α∂of␈α∂representation.␈α∂ [Moravec],␈α∞[Gennery],␈α∂and␈α∂[Marr␈α∂and␈α∞Poggio]
␈↓ ↓H␈↓deal␈α
with␈α
stereo␈α
vision.␈α
 [Brooks,␈αGreiner,␈α
and␈α
Binford]␈α
present␈α
a␈αmodel-
␈↓ ↓H␈↓based vision system.  [Land] describes color visual perception.



␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓α2.12. Physical manipulation␈↓
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓αTopics to be studied␈↓␈↓ β8


␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ α_Stanford␈α∞AI␈α
films␈α∞make␈α∞a␈α
good␈α∞introduction␈α
to␈α∞robotics.␈α∞ [Bolles␈α
and
␈↓ ↓H␈↓Paul]␈α∪describe␈α∩the␈α∪first␈α∩computer-controlled␈α∪assembly.␈α∪ [Finkel,␈α∩Bolles,
␈↓ ↓H␈↓and␈α∂Taylor]␈α⊂present␈α∂AL,␈α∂the␈α⊂Stanford␈α∂language␈α∂for␈α⊂mechanical␈α∂assembly.
␈↓ ↓H␈↓[Lieberman]␈α→gives␈α→a␈α→description␈α→of␈α→a␈α→very␈α→high␈α→level␈α→language␈α→for
␈↓ ↓H␈↓robotics.  [Binford et al] give an overview of robotics at Stanford.



␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓α2.13. Automatic Programming and Program Verification␈↓


␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ α_There␈α∪has␈α∩been␈α∪work␈α∩in␈α∪AI␈α∩devoted␈α∪to␈α∩automating␈α∪the␈α∪process␈α∩of
␈↓ ↓H␈↓writing␈α∪programs.␈α∪ Some␈α∪surveys␈α∪of␈α∪the␈α∪field␈α∪are␈α∪given␈α∪in␈α∩[Biermann
␈↓ ↓H␈↓APPROACHES]␈α∞and␈α∂[Green-INFORMAL],␈α∞and␈α∞in␈α∂the␈α∞last␈α∞section␈α∂of␈α∞[Manna
␈↓ ↓H␈↓and␈α≥Waldinger␈α≥DREAMS].␈α≥ Approaches␈α≥range␈α≥from␈α≥formal␈α≤theorem-
␈↓ ↓H␈↓proving␈α∩techniques␈α∩[Manna␈α∩and␈α∩Waldinger␈α∩DEDUCTIVE]␈α∩to␈α⊃knowledge-
␈↓ ↓H␈↓based␈α
systems␈α
[Green␈α
IJCAI5]␈α
to␈α
systems␈α
that␈α
attempt␈α
to␈α∞simulate␈α
human
␈↓ ↓H␈↓reasoning␈α∞[Shrobe␈α
MONOLOGUE].␈α∞ Students␈α∞should␈α
be␈α∞familiar␈α∞with␈α
these
␈↓ ↓H␈↓approaches, but do not need to know the details of any particular system.

␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ α_A␈α∞closely␈α∞related␈α∞area␈α∞is␈α∞program␈α∞verification␈α∞--␈α∞ascertaining␈α∞that␈α
a
␈↓ ↓H␈↓program␈α⊃does,␈α∩indeed,␈α⊃do␈α∩what␈α⊃it␈α∩is␈α⊃supposed␈α∩to.␈α⊃Some␈α∩perspectives␈α⊃on
␈↓ ↓H␈↓current␈α!verification␈α!research␈α and␈α!discussion␈α!of␈α!opportunities␈α for
␈↓ ↓H␈↓extension␈α⊃are␈α⊃found␈α⊂in␈α⊃[Gerhart-1980s].␈α⊃ Other␈α⊂surveys␈α⊃of␈α⊃the␈α⊃field␈α⊂of
␈↓ ↓H␈↓verification are [Luckham PV & VOP] and [London PERSPECTIVES].



␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓α2.14. Learning and Inductive Inference␈↓


␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ α_Much␈αof␈αthe␈αwork␈αin␈αAI␈αcan␈αbe␈αview␈αas␈αan␈αeffort␈αto␈αget␈αa␈αprogram␈αto
␈↓ ↓H␈↓'learn'␈α⊂--␈α⊂typically,␈α⊃to␈α⊂view␈α⊂a␈α⊂set␈α⊃of␈α⊂examples,␈α⊂and␈α⊂induce␈α⊃the␈α⊂common
␈↓ ↓H␈↓concept␈α
uniting␈αthem.␈α
 An␈α
excellent␈αsurvey␈α
of␈αthis␈α
work␈α
is␈αin␈α
[Smith␈αet␈α
al
␈↓ ↓H␈↓IJCAI5].␈α  Winston␈α![STRUCTURAL]␈α provided␈α a␈α!seminal␈α contribution,
␈↓ ↓H␈↓emphasizing␈α∂both␈α⊂the␈α∂necessity␈α⊂for␈α∂adequate␈α∂description,␈α⊂and␈α∂the␈α⊂use␈α∂of
␈↓ ↓H␈↓negative␈α∪examples␈α∩to␈α∪more␈α∩precisely␈α∪circumscribe␈α∩the␈α∪concept␈α∩desired.
␈↓ ↓H␈↓Students␈α↔should␈α↔be␈α_familiar␈α↔with␈α↔these␈α_papers,␈α↔and␈α↔with␈α_the␈α↔issues
␈↓ ↓H␈↓involved.␈α~ They␈α≠should␈α~also␈α~understand␈α≠the␈α~application␈α≠of␈α~learning
␈↓ ↓H␈↓techniques␈α∃to␈α∃various␈α∃domains␈α∃(e.g.,␈α∃[Buchanan␈α∀THEORY-FORMATION],
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓αTopics to be studied␈↓␈↓ β9


␈↓ ↓H␈↓[Fikes␈α∩et␈α∩al␈α∩GENERALIZED],␈α∩[Sussman␈α∩SKILL]),␈α∩but␈α∩need␈α∩not␈α∩know␈α∩the
␈↓ ↓H␈↓technical details of these cases.



␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓α2.15. Psychological Models␈↓


␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ α_Many␈α∨AI␈α∨programs␈α∨have␈α≡been␈α∨intended␈α∨as␈α∨models␈α∨of␈α≡human
␈↓ ↓H␈↓information␈α
processing.␈α
 Information␈α
processing␈α
psychology␈α
in␈α∞general␈α
is
␈↓ ↓H␈↓described␈α⊂in␈α⊂[Newell␈α⊂and␈α⊂Simon␈α⊂HPS␈α⊂(Sections␈α⊂1␈α⊂and␈α⊂5␈α⊂especially)].␈α⊂ An
␈↓ ↓H␈↓early␈α
program␈α
which␈α
modelled␈α
human␈α
verbal␈α
behavior␈α
was␈α
[Feigenbaum
␈↓ ↓H␈↓EPAM].␈α↔ More␈α↔recent␈α↔models␈α_are␈α↔found␈α↔in␈α↔[Anderson␈α↔&␈α_Bower␈α↔HAM
␈↓ ↓H␈↓(chapters␈α,4␈α,and␈α,7)],␈α,[Anderson␈α,??],␈α,[Norman␈α,&␈α+Rumelhart
␈↓ ↓H␈↓EXPLORATIONS],␈α∞and␈α∞[Collins␈α
&␈α∞Quillian␈α∞USER].␈α
 A␈α∞famous␈α∞early␈α
program
␈↓ ↓H␈↓which␈α∂took␈α∂one␈α∂form␈α∂of␈α∂intelligence␈α∂tests␈α∂was␈α∂[Evans␈α∂ANALOGY],␈α∂and␈α∞a
␈↓ ↓H␈↓controversial␈α∀model␈α∃of␈α∀paranoia␈α∀is␈α∃described␈α∀in␈α∃[Colby␈α∀SIMULATIONS].
␈↓ ↓H␈↓Relevant␈α∞classics␈α∞from␈α∞psychology␈α∞include␈α∞[Bartlett␈α∂REMEMBERING]␈α∞and
␈↓ ↓H␈↓[Miller MAGICAL].



␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓α2.16. Automata and Formal Language Theory␈↓


␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ α_Although␈α∩this␈α∩is␈α∩not␈α∩AI␈α∩per␈α⊃se,␈α∩it␈α∩forms␈α∩an␈α∩important␈α∩part␈α∩of␈α⊃the
␈↓ ↓H␈↓background.␈α∂Relevant␈α∞work␈α∂is␈α∂in␈α∞[Minsky␈α∂COMPUTATION],␈α∂[Manna␈α∞MTC]
␈↓ ↓H␈↓and␈α
the␈α∞material␈α
on␈α∞perceptrons␈α
in␈α
[Hunt␈α∞AI]␈α
(extra␈α∞detail␈α
in␈α∞[Minsky␈α
&
␈↓ ↓H␈↓Papert PERCEPTRONS]).



␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓α2.17. Programming Languages for AI␈↓


␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ α_        List Processing -- LISP
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ α_        String processing -- SNOBOL
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ α_        Associative mechanisms -- LEAP/SAIL
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ α_        Active data structures -- SIMULA/SMALLTALK/ACTORS
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ α_        Pattern Matching        [Bobrow & Raphael]
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ α_        Data Structures         [Knuth Vol.I]
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓αTopics to be studied␈↓␈↓ 
n10


␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ α_        PLANNER, CONNIVER, QA4, etc.    [Bobrow & Raphael]
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ α_        Production Systems      [Davis & King OVERVIEW]

␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ α_The␈α_candidate␈α_is␈α↔expected␈α_to␈α_be␈α↔familiar␈α_enough␈α_with␈α_some␈α↔AI
␈↓ ↓H␈↓language␈α⊂(e.g.␈α∂ LISP␈α⊂or␈α∂SAIL)␈α⊂to␈α∂demonstrate␈α⊂the␈α∂ability␈α⊂to␈α⊂write␈α∂simple
␈↓ ↓H␈↓programs.␈α∞ He␈α∞or␈α
she␈α∞should␈α∞also␈α
know␈α∞enough␈α∞about␈α
the␈α∞features␈α∞of␈α
the
␈↓ ↓H␈↓more␈α∪specialized␈α∪languages␈α∪(MicroPlanner,␈α∩QA4,␈α∪the␈α∪LEAP␈α∪and␈α∩multiple
␈↓ ↓H␈↓process␈αfeatures␈αin␈αSAIL)␈αto␈αdiscuss␈αthe␈αkinds␈αof␈αproblems␈αfor␈αwhich␈αthey
␈↓ ↓H␈↓are␈α
useful,␈α
and␈α
the␈α
limitations␈α∞they␈α
force␈α
the␈α
programmer␈α
into.␈α
 It␈α∞is␈α
not
␈↓ ↓H␈↓necessary to know syntactic details of these features.



␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓α2.18. Note:␈↓


␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ α_There␈α∂is␈α∂some␈α∂controversy␈α∂about␈α∂including␈α∂the␈α∂following␈α⊂topics␈α∂on
␈↓ ↓H␈↓the␈α
reading␈αlist.␈α
 McCarthy␈αstated,␈α
"I␈αthink␈α
the␈αsyllabus␈α
should␈αdownplay
␈↓ ↓H␈↓philosophical␈α⊃and␈α⊃social␈α⊃issues,␈α⊃because␈α⊃the␈α⊃we␈α⊃certainly␈α⊃don't␈α⊃want␈α⊂to
␈↓ ↓H␈↓grade␈αstudents␈αon␈αtheir␈αown␈αviews,␈αand␈αthe␈αfield␈αis␈αfluffy␈αenough␈αas␈αit␈αis
␈↓ ↓H␈↓without␈α⊂letting␈α⊂or␈α⊂requiring␈α⊂students␈α∂to␈α⊂be␈α⊂able␈α⊂to␈α⊂regurgitate␈α∂various
␈↓ ↓H␈↓people's␈α∃views␈α∃on␈α∃the␈α∃issues.␈α∃ If␈α∃the␈α∃faculty␈α∃wants␈α∃students␈α⊗to␈α∃have
␈↓ ↓H␈↓exposure␈α∪to␈α∪these␈α∀issues␈α∪it␈α∪should␈α∪require␈α∀attendance␈α∪at␈α∪a␈α∀seminar␈α∪or
␈↓ ↓H␈↓lecture␈α
series␈α
and␈α
take␈α
attendance␈α
but␈α
not␈α
examine."␈α
Winograd␈α
said,␈α
"The
␈↓ ↓H␈↓purpose␈α~of␈α~the␈α~qualifying␈α≠examinations␈α~is␈α~to␈α~ensure␈α≠that␈α~students
␈↓ ↓H␈↓graduating␈αfrom␈αour␈αdepartment␈αhave␈α
a␈αsufficient␈αbackground␈αto␈αwork␈α
as
␈↓ ↓H␈↓qualified␈αresearchers␈αand␈αteachers␈αin␈αthe␈αfield.␈α I␈αbelieve␈αthat␈αa␈αperspctive
␈↓ ↓H␈↓on␈α~what␈α~we␈α~are␈α~doing␈α~and␈α~why␈α~is␈α~a␈α~critical␈α~part␈α~of␈α~the␈α→needed
␈↓ ↓H␈↓background,␈α∃and␈α∃that␈α⊗it␈α∃would␈α∃be␈α∃irresponsible␈α⊗for␈α∃us␈α∃as␈α⊗a␈α∃teaching
␈↓ ↓H␈↓institution␈α∀to␈α∃leave␈α∀it␈α∃out.␈α∀ Since␈α∃our␈α∀general␈α∃philosophy␈α∀is␈α∃to␈α∀judge
␈↓ ↓H␈↓competence␈α
in␈αall␈α
areas␈αby␈α
exams␈α
rather␈αthan␈α
required␈αcourses,␈α
this␈α
is␈αno
␈↓ ↓H␈↓different.␈α∞ Indeed␈α∂nobody␈α∞is␈α∞expected␈α∂to␈α∞endorse␈α∞or␈α∂regurgitate␈α∞anyone's
␈↓ ↓H␈↓views,␈α⊃but␈α⊃(as␈α⊂in␈α⊃all␈α⊃areas)␈α⊂to␈α⊃demonstrate␈α⊃that␈α⊂they␈α⊃are␈α⊃aware␈α⊃of␈α⊂the
␈↓ ↓H␈↓important issues and have thought about them."



␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓α2.19. Philosophical Implications␈↓
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓αTopics to be studied␈↓␈↓ 
n11


␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ α_There␈α_has␈α_been␈α→a␈α_continuing␈α_discussion␈α_about␈α→the␈α_philosophical
␈↓ ↓H␈↓implications␈α∪of␈α∪intelligent␈α∪machines.␈α∪ The␈α∪original␈α∪paper␈α∪often␈α∪cited␈α∪is
␈↓ ↓H␈↓[Turing␈α⊂TEST].␈α⊂ The␈α∂best␈α⊂known␈α⊂book␈α∂criticizing␈α⊂AI␈α⊂from␈α⊂a␈α∂philsophical
␈↓ ↓H␈↓point␈αof␈αview␈αis␈α[Dreyfus␈αCAN'T].␈α A␈αresponse␈αto␈αan␈αearlier␈αversion␈αof␈αthe
␈↓ ↓H␈↓same␈α∩material␈α∩is␈α⊃in␈α∩[Papert␈α∩DREYFUS].␈α∩ Many␈α⊃of␈α∩the␈α∩general␈α∩issues␈α⊃are
␈↓ ↓H␈↓discussed␈α∞in␈α∞[The␈α∞Rock␈α∞Test,␈α∂others␈α∞in␈α∞Anderson␈α∞MINDS]␈α∞and␈α∂in␈α∞[Dennett
␈↓ ↓H␈↓BRAINSTORMS].␈α∂ There␈α⊂is␈α∂an␈α⊂accessible␈α∂discussion␈α∂of␈α⊂the␈α∂issue␈α⊂in␈α∂[Boden
␈↓ ↓H␈↓AI].␈α
 A␈α
recent␈αcontroversy␈α
dealing␈α
with␈α
AI␈αand␈α
the␈α
philosophy␈α
of␈αscience
␈↓ ↓H␈↓is␈α_in␈α_[Dresher␈α_&␈α_Hornstein␈α_SUPPOSED],␈α_[Winograd␈α_CONTESTED],␈α_and
␈↓ ↓H␈↓[Dresher␈α⊂and␈α⊂Hornstein␈α⊂RESPONSE].␈α∂ [Sloman␈α⊂1979]␈α⊂is␈α⊂a␈α⊂new␈α∂important
␈↓ ↓H␈↓reference (JMC has a copy and the library has one).



␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓α2.20. Political and Social Implications]␈↓


␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ α_One␈α∩of␈α∩the␈α∩pioneers␈α∩in␈α∩the␈α∩field␈α∩discussed␈α∩these␈α∩issues␈α∩in␈α⊃[Weiner
␈↓ ↓H␈↓HUMAN],␈α→and␈α~more␈α→recently␈α~there␈α→has␈α→been␈α~a␈α→discussion␈α~raised␈α→by
␈↓ ↓H␈↓[Weizenbaum␈α⊗REASON],␈α⊗and␈α⊗responses␈α⊗like␈α⊗[Buchanan,␈α⊗Lederberg,␈α⊗and
␈↓ ↓H␈↓McCarthy␈α∩REVIEWS].␈α∪ [Boden␈α∩AI]␈α∪also␈α∩discusses␈α∪some␈α∩of␈α∪the␈α∩important
␈↓ ↓H␈↓questions.␈α
 [Firschein␈α&␈α
Coles␈αIJCAI3␈α
survey]␈αattempts␈α
to␈αpredict␈α
some␈αof
␈↓ ↓H␈↓the␈α_future␈α_applications␈α_of␈α_AI.␈α_ An␈α_important␈α_controversy␈α_in␈α↔British
␈↓ ↓H␈↓support␈α
for␈α
AI␈α
is␈α
in␈α
[Lighthill␈αAI]␈α
and␈α
responses␈α
in␈α
the␈α
same␈α
booklet␈αand␈α
in
␈↓ ↓H␈↓[McCarthy LIGHTHILL].



␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓α2.21. History and politics of the field␈↓


␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ α_A␈α
critical␈α
part␈α
of␈α
being␈α
able␈α
to␈α
do␈α
and␈α
evaluate␈α
research␈α
in␈α
a␈α∞field␈α
is
␈↓ ↓H␈↓having␈α∞some␈α∞perspective␈α∞on␈α∞what␈α∞things␈α
have␈α∞been␈α∞done␈α∞and␈α∞why␈α∞--␈α
in
␈↓ ↓H␈↓particular,␈α
what␈α
lessons␈α
have␈α
been␈α
learned␈α
and␈α
how␈α
can␈α
they␈α
be␈α
applied␈α
to
␈↓ ↓H␈↓keep␈αfrom␈αrepeating␈αmistakes.␈α In␈αaddition,␈αstudents␈αneed␈αto␈α
know␈αwhere
␈↓ ↓H␈↓and␈α∞how␈α∞things␈α∂are␈α∞published␈α∞in␈α∂the␈α∞field␈α∞if␈α∞they␈α∂hope␈α∞to␈α∞keep␈α∂up␈α∞with
␈↓ ↓H␈↓current␈α∞work.␈α∞ It␈α∞is␈α∞difficult␈α∞to␈α∞give␈α∞specific␈α∞references,␈α∞but␈α∂the␈α∞general
␈↓ ↓H␈↓books␈α⊗on␈α⊗AI␈α↔[e.g.␈α⊗Boden,␈α⊗Winston,␈α↔Jackson,␈α⊗Raphael]␈α⊗each␈α↔give␈α⊗some
␈↓ ↓H␈↓perspective.␈α∂ It␈α∂is␈α∂also␈α⊂useful␈α∂to␈α∂look␈α∂at␈α⊂some␈α∂of␈α∂the␈α∂early␈α⊂collections␈α∂of
␈↓ ↓H␈↓papers, such as [Feigenbaum & Feldman].
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓αTopics to be studied␈↓␈↓ 
n12


␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ α_In␈α∞particular,␈α∞students␈α∞should␈α∞have␈α∞some␈α∞familiarity␈α∞with␈α∞the␈α∞early
␈↓ ↓H␈↓history␈αof␈αAI␈α--␈αits␈αconnections␈αto␈αcybernetics␈αand␈αmachine␈αtranslation␈αin
␈↓ ↓H␈↓the␈α50's.␈α It␈αis␈αinteresting␈αto␈αnote␈αsome␈αof␈αthe␈αearly␈αoptimistic␈αattempts␈αat
␈↓ ↓H␈↓"self-organizing␈α↔systems"␈α↔and␈α_work␈α↔on␈α↔perceptrons␈α↔and␈α_neural␈α↔nets.
␈↓ ↓H␈↓Today,␈αthere␈αis␈αmuch␈αdiscussion␈αabout␈αthe␈αemergence␈αof␈αa␈αdiscipline␈αcalled
␈↓ ↓H␈↓"cognitive␈α≤science"␈α≤which␈α≠includes␈α≤work␈α≤now␈α≤considered␈α≠artificial
␈↓ ↓H␈↓intelligence,␈α⊗psychology,␈α⊗linguistics,␈α∃and␈α⊗philosophy.␈α⊗ Students␈α∃should
␈↓ ↓H␈↓have␈α done␈α some␈α thinking␈α about␈α the␈α relationships␈α between␈α these
␈↓ ↓H␈↓disciplines,␈α≠especially␈α≠where␈α≤they␈α≠adopt␈α≠differing␈α≤methodologies␈α≠in
␈↓ ↓H␈↓looking at the same phenomena.

␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ α_The␈α∀following␈α∀journals␈α∪contain␈α∀material␈α∀relevant␈α∪to␈α∀AI,␈α∀and␈α∀it␈α∪is
␈↓ ↓H␈↓useful␈α∀to␈α∃have␈α∀a␈α∃general␈α∀idea␈α∃of␈α∀what␈α∃kinds␈α∀of␈α∃things␈α∀each␈α∃of␈α∀them
␈↓ ↓H␈↓contains.
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ α_        Journal of AI
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ α_        SIGART (ACM special interest group on Artificial Intelligence)
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ α_        SIGCAS (ACM special interest group on Computers and Society)
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ α_        Machine Intelligence (1 - ?)
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ α_        IJCAI proceedings (1 - 5)
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ α_        TINLAP proceedings (1 - 2)
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ α_        CACM (computer science, some AI)
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ α_        JACM (computer science, some AI)
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ α_        Cognitive Psychology (some AI)
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ α_        American Journal of Computational Linguistics (some AI)
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ α_        Cognitive Science
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ α_        The Behavioral & Brain Sciences
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ α_        Special interest conferences: cybernetics, natural language,
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ α_        robotics
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓α␈↓␈↓ 
n13





␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ε⊗␈↓
 3 ␈↓



␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ∧Y␈↓
␈↓&Explanation of Readings␈↓)αβ␈↓





␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ α_The␈α∞following␈α∞list␈α∂is␈α∞NOT␈α∞a␈α∂list␈α∞of␈α∞required␈α∂readings,␈α∞but␈α∞a␈α∂guide␈α∞to
␈↓ ↓H␈↓interesting,␈α∂available␈α∂materials␈α∂in␈α∂each␈α∂subfield.␈α∂ Some␈α∂of␈α∂the␈α⊂papers␈α∂are
␈↓ ↓H␈↓not yet published but will be made available.

␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ α_A␈α∂simple␈α⊂annotation␈α∂system␈α∂has␈α⊂been␈α∂used␈α∂to␈α⊂give␈α∂some␈α⊂feeling␈α∂for
␈↓ ↓H␈↓the␈α∃level␈α∀and␈α∃importance␈α∃(measured␈α∀idiosyncratically␈α∃by␈α∃the␈α∀syllabus
␈↓ ↓H␈↓preparers) of each paper.  The level is indicated as:

␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ αHESS:  An essay giving general perspective and discussion of basic
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ αHissues.
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ αHSURV:  A survey of research work in some area.
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ αHSUM:  A summary at a non-detailed level of a specific piece of
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ αHresearch.
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ αHDR:  A detailed research report.
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ αHTEXT: A textbook.

␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ α_The␈α⊗importance␈α∃is␈α⊗based␈α⊗on␈α∃whether␈α⊗the␈α∃paper␈α⊗is␈α⊗important␈α∃for
␈↓ ↓H␈↓understanding␈α∀a␈α∀general␈α∪perspective␈α∀(P),␈α∀whether␈α∪it␈α∀has␈α∀one␈α∀or␈α∪more
␈↓ ↓H␈↓specific␈α∪important␈α∪ideas␈α∪(I),␈α∪or␈α∪whether␈α∪it␈α∪gives␈α∪a␈α∪set␈α∪of␈α∪details␈α∪over
␈↓ ↓H␈↓which␈α∩students␈α∩are␈α∩expected␈α∩to␈α⊃have␈α∩fluent␈α∩command␈α∩(D).␈α∩ We␈α⊃repeat:
␈↓ ↓H␈↓these are opinions, hastily arrived at!

␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ α_In␈α
addition,␈α
we␈αhave␈α
marked␈α
with␈αa␈α
"@"␈α
a␈αsubset␈α
of␈α
the␈αpapers,␈α
which
␈↓ ↓H␈↓can␈αbe␈αthought␈αof␈αas␈αan␈αinitial␈αreading␈αlist␈α--␈αthey␈αrepresent␈αmany␈αof␈αthe
␈↓ ↓H␈↓most important works, and provide a basic background.

␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ α_Many␈α∂of␈α∂the␈α∞references␈α∂below␈α∂point␈α∞to␈α∂more␈α∂specialized␈α∂sources␈α∞for
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓αExplanation of Readings␈↓␈↓ 
n14


␈↓ ↓H␈↓those␈α∞highly␈α
interested;␈α∞for␈α
completeness,␈α∞all␈α
these␈α∞specialized␈α
references
␈↓ ↓H␈↓are␈α⊂listed␈α⊃again,␈α⊂separately,␈α⊃below.␈α⊂So␈α⊂don't␈α⊃be␈α⊂put␈α⊃off␈α⊂by␈α⊃the␈α⊂apparent
␈↓ ↓H␈↓amount␈α∩of␈α⊃reading␈α∩involved;␈α⊃hopefully␈α∩each␈α⊃student␈α∩will␈α⊃have␈α∩ only␈α⊃a
␈↓ ↓H␈↓few␈α∞gaps,␈α∞and␈α∞it␈α∞will␈α∞be␈α∂possible␈α∞to␈α∞glance␈α∞over␈α∞the␈α∞outline,␈α∂choosing␈α∞to
␈↓ ↓H␈↓read in those areas where the references pointed to are not familiar.
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓α␈↓␈↓ 
n15





␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ε⊗␈↓
 4 ␈↓



␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ¬R␈↓
␈↓&References␈↓)αβ␈↓





␈↓ ↓H␈↓@Agin,␈αG.␈αand␈αBinford,␈αT.␈α (1973)␈αComputer␈αDescription␈αof␈αCurved␈α
Objects.
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓x␈↓αProc IJCAI3␈↓, 1973, pp 629-640 (SUM,I:the basic representation)

␈↓ ↓H␈↓@␈↓αArtificial␈α Intelligence␈α∨Handbook␈↓␈α [AIHandbook],␈α a␈α∨comprehensive
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xencyclopedia␈α∩of␈α∩work␈α⊃in␈α∩AI,␈α∩prepared␈α∩by␈α⊃HPP;␈α∩copies␈α∩of␈α∩sections␈α⊃on
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xnatural language, search, speech, can be scrounged (SURV!!)

␈↓ ↓H␈↓Allen,␈α_J.␈α_&␈α_D.␈α_Luckham,␈α_"An␈α_Interactive␈α_Theorem␈α_Proving␈α↔Program"
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓x␈↓αMachine␈α⊂Intelligence␈α⊂5␈↓,␈α⊂Edinburgh␈α⊂University␈α⊂Press,␈α⊂1970,␈α⊂pp␈α∂321-
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓x336.  (SUM, SURV)

␈↓ ↓H␈↓@Amarel,␈αSaul␈α(1968)␈αOn␈αRepresentations␈αof␈αProblems␈αof␈αReasoning␈αAbout
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xActions,␈α∀in␈α∃␈↓αMachine␈α∀Intelligence␈α∀3␈↓,␈α∃pp.␈α∀131-171␈α∀(eds␈α∃Meltzer␈α∀and
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xMichie),␈α+New␈α*York:␈α+American␈α*Elsevier␈α+Publishing␈α*Company.
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓x(DR,P,I:effects of change of repr. on problem solubility, )

␈↓ ↓H␈↓Anderson,␈α∩J.␈α⊃R.,␈α∩and␈α⊃Bower,␈α∩G.␈α⊃H.,␈α∩␈↓αHuman␈α⊃Associative␈α∩Memory␈↓,␈α∩V.␈α⊃ H.
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xWinston␈α∞and␈α∞Sons,␈α∞Washington,␈α∞D.C.,␈α∞1973.␈α∞Especially␈α∞Chapters␈α∞4,␈α∞5,␈α
&
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓x7.  (SURV & DR,P)

␈↓ ↓H␈↓Anderson,(ed),␈α≤␈↓αMinds␈α≠and␈α≤Machines␈↓,␈α≠Contemporary␈α≤Perspectives␈α≠in
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xPhilosophy␈α
Series,␈α
Prentice-Hall,␈α∞Inc,␈α
N.J.,␈α
1964.␈α
 (Collection␈α∞of␈α
essays,
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xeach of which is rated at least: (ESS, ))

␈↓ ↓H␈↓Arbib,␈α Michael␈α∨A.,␈α ␈↓αThe␈α Metaphorical␈α∨Brain:␈α An␈α Introduction␈α∨to
␈↓ ↓H␈↓α␈↓ ↓xCybernetics␈α↔as␈α↔Artificial␈α_Intelligence␈α↔and␈α↔Brain␈α_Theory␈↓,␈α↔miley-
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xInterscience, New York, New York, 1972, xii + 243 pages, (SURV, )
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓αReferences␈↓␈↓ 
n16


␈↓ ↓H␈↓Arnold,␈α∂R.␈α∂D.;␈α∂"Local␈α∂Context␈α∞in␈α∂Matching␈α∂Edges␈α∂for␈α∂Stereo␈α∂Vision",␈α∞␈↓αProc
␈↓ ↓H␈↓α␈↓ ↓xARPA␈α
Image␈α
Understanding␈α
Workshop␈↓",␈α
Cambridge,␈α
May␈α
1978,␈α
65-72.
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓x(DR)

␈↓ ↓H␈↓Balzer,␈α⊂Robert,␈α⊃Neil␈α⊂Goldman,␈α⊃and␈α⊂David␈α⊃Wile,␈α⊂"On␈α⊃the␈α⊂Transformational
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xImplementation␈α∨Approach␈α to␈α∨Programming",␈α ␈↓αProceedings␈α∨Second
␈↓ ↓H␈↓α␈↓ ↓xInternational␈α!Conference␈α!on␈α!Software␈α"Engineering␈↓,␈α!Computer
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xSociety,␈α∪Institute␈α∪of␈α∪Electrical␈α∪and␈α∪Electronics␈α∪Engineers,␈α∪Inc.,␈α∩Long
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xBeach, California, October 1976, pages 337-344.

␈↓ ↓H␈↓Barrow,H.G.,␈α≤J.M.Tenenbaum;␈α≤"MSYS:␈α≤A␈α≤System␈α≤for␈α≥Reasoning␈α≤about
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xScenes"; SRI AI Center Tech Note 121, April 1976. (SUM)

␈↓ ↓H␈↓Barrow,␈α&H.G.␈α&and␈α&Tenenbaum,␈α&J.M.;␈α&"Recovering␈α&Intrinsic␈α%Scene
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xCharacteristics␈α∩from␈α∩Images";␈α∩SRI␈α∩International␈α∩AI␈α∩Center,␈α∩Apr␈α∩1978,
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xTech note 157. (ESS)

␈↓ ↓H␈↓Barstow,␈α_David␈α→R.,␈α_A␈α_Knowledge␈α→Base␈α_Organization␈α_for␈α→Rules␈α_about
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xProgramming, ␈↓αProc. IJCAI5␈↓, 1977, 382-388 (DR)

␈↓ ↓H␈↓Bartlett,␈α
Frederick,␈α
␈↓αRemembering:␈α
A␈αStudy␈α
in␈α
Experimental␈α
and␈αSocial
␈↓ ↓H␈↓α␈↓ ↓xPsychology␈↓,␈α_Cambridge,␈α_University␈α_Press,␈α_1932␈α_ (DR,I:␈α_memory␈α↔is
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xactive, not passive)

␈↓ ↓H␈↓Baumgart,␈α∃B.;␈α∃"Geometric␈α⊗Modeling␈α∃for␈α∃Computer␈α∃Vision",␈α⊗Stanford␈α∃AI
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xMemo AIM-249, CS-463, 1974. (DR)

␈↓ ↓H␈↓@Berliner,␈α∂Hans,␈α∂Some␈α∂Necessary␈α∂Conditions␈α∂for␈α∂a␈α∂Master␈α⊂Chess␈α∂Program,
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓x␈↓αProc IJCAI3␈↓, 1973, pp. 77-85.  (SUM,I)

␈↓ ↓H␈↓@Bernstein,␈α!M.I.,␈α!␈↓αKnowledge-Based␈α!Systems:␈α!A␈α!Tutorial␈↓,␈α TM-(L)-
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓x5903/000/00A, SDC,  June 1977 (SURV,P)

␈↓ ↓H␈↓Biermann,␈α
Alan␈αW.,␈α
"Approaches␈α
to␈αAutomatic␈α
Programming,"␈αin␈α
␈↓αAdvances
␈↓ ↓H␈↓α␈↓ ↓xin␈α
Computers␈↓,␈α
Volume␈α
15,␈α
Academic␈αPress,␈α
Inc.,␈α
New␈α
York,␈α
New␈αYork,
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓x1976.

␈↓ ↓H␈↓@Binford,␈α⊂T.O;␈α⊃"Visual␈α⊂Perception␈α⊂by␈α⊃Computer"␈α⊂ Invited␈α⊂paper␈α⊃for␈α⊂IEEE
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xSystems and Control, Miami, 1971. (ESS, I: generalized cones)
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓αReferences␈↓␈↓ 
n17


␈↓ ↓H␈↓Binford,␈α∀T.O.,␈α∀"Computer␈α∀Integrated␈α∀Assembly␈α∀Systems,"␈α∀Proc␈α∃NSF␈α∀Adv
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xProd Techn Grantees Conf, Nov, 1978.

␈↓ ↓H␈↓@Bledsoe,␈α_W.W.,␈α↔and␈α_Bruell␈α↔(1974)␈α_A␈α_Man-Machine␈α↔Theorem-Proving
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xSystem, ␈↓αJournal of AI␈↓, 5, 1974, pp 51-72. (SUM,P)

␈↓ ↓H␈↓Bobrow,␈α+Dan,␈α+and␈α,Allan␈α+Collins,␈α+editors,␈α,␈↓αRepresentation␈α+and
␈↓ ↓H␈↓α␈↓ ↓xUnderstanding␈↓,␈α_New␈α↔York:␈α_Academic␈α_Press,␈α↔1975␈α_(a␈α_collection␈α↔of
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xpapers mentioned individually, each SUM,I)

␈↓ ↓H␈↓@Bobrow␈α~and␈α~Raphael,␈α~(1973)␈α~New␈α~Programming␈α~Languages␈α≠for␈α~AI
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xResearch, Computing Surveys, 6, 1974, 155-174. (SURV, I)

␈↓ ↓H␈↓Bobrow,␈α∩Daniel␈α∩G.,␈α∩Dimensions␈α∩of␈α∩Representation,␈α∩in␈α∩D.␈α∩Bobrow␈α∩and␈α∩A.
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xCollins␈α%(eds),␈α$␈↓αRepresentation␈α%and␈α$Understanding␈↓,␈α%New␈α$York:
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xAcademic, 1975 (ESS & SURV,P)

␈↓ ↓H␈↓@Bobrow,␈α~D.␈α~and␈α~T.␈α~Winograd␈α~An␈α~Overview␈α~of␈α~KRL,␈α~a␈α~Knowledge
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xRepresentation␈α∃Language,␈α∀␈↓αCognitive␈α∃Science␈↓,␈α∀1,␈α∃1977,␈α∃3-46␈α∀(SUM,I:
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xcontrolled processing and matching)

␈↓ ↓H␈↓Bobrow,␈α≤Daniel␈α≤G.,␈α≤Terry␈α≠Winograd,␈α≤and␈α≤the␈α≤KRL␈α≤Research␈α≠Group,
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓x"Experience␈α∀with␈α∀KRL-0:␈α∃One␈α∀cycle␈α∀of␈α∀a␈α∃knowledge␈α∀representation
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xlanguage", ␈↓αProc. IJCAI5␈↓, 1977, 213-222 (SUM)

␈↓ ↓H␈↓@Boden,␈αMargaret␈αA.␈α␈↓αArtificial␈α
Intelligence␈αand␈αNatural␈αMan␈↓,␈αNew␈α
York,
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xBooks,␈α⊂Inc.,␈α⊂1977␈α⊂(TEXT␈α∂&␈α⊂SURV,P)␈α⊂Probably␈α⊂the␈α⊂best␈α∂comprehensive
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xintrouction to AI.

␈↓ ↓H␈↓Bolles,R.C.;␈α≡"Verification␈α≡Vision␈α≡for␈α≡Programmable␈α≡Assembly";␈α≡␈↓αProc.
␈↓ ↓H␈↓α␈↓ ↓xIJCAI5␈↓, 1977, 569-575. (DR)

␈↓ ↓H␈↓Bolles,R.and␈α∃R.Paul,␈α∃"The␈α∃use␈α∃of␈α∃Sensory␈α∃Feedback␈α∃in␈α∃a␈α∃Programmable
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xAssembly␈α%Systems",␈α%Stanford␈α%AI␈α%Lab␈α%Memo␈α%AIM-220,␈α$CS-396,
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xAD772064/2WC, 1973.

␈↓ ↓H␈↓@Brachman,␈α
R.J.,␈αWhat's␈α
in␈α
a␈αConcept:␈α
Structural␈α
Foundations␈αfor␈α
Semantic
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xNetworks, ␈↓αInt␈↓'␈↓αl J. Man-Machine Studies␈↓, 9, 1977, 127-152 (DR,P)

␈↓ ↓H␈↓Braid,I.C.;␈α∪␈↓αDesigning␈α∪with␈α∪Volumes␈↓,␈α∪Univ␈α∪of␈α∪Cambridge,␈α∀Cantab␈α∪Press,
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xCambridge, England, 1973. (ESS & DR)
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓αReferences␈↓␈↓ 
n18


␈↓ ↓H␈↓Brooks,␈αR.,␈αR.␈αGreiner,␈αand␈αT.O.␈αBinford;␈α"ACRONYM:␈αA␈α
Model-Based␈αVision
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xSystem"; Proc IJCAI 1979.

␈↓ ↓H␈↓Bruce,␈α*Bertram,␈α)Case␈α*systems␈α)for␈α*natural␈α*language,␈α)␈↓αArtificial
␈↓ ↓H␈↓α␈↓ ↓xIntelligence␈↓, 6:4, Winter 1975, 327-360. (SURV,P)

␈↓ ↓H␈↓@Buchanan,␈α~B.,␈α~Feigenbaum,␈α~and␈α~Sridharan␈α~(1972)␈α≠Heuristic␈α~Theory
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xFormation,␈α␈↓αMachine␈αIntelligence␈α7␈↓,␈αpp.267-280␈α(the␈αappendix␈αmay␈αbe
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xomitted). (SUM, I:choosing proper domain is important)

␈↓ ↓H␈↓Buchanan,␈αBruce,␈αJoshua␈αLederberg,␈αand␈αJohn␈αMcCarthy,␈αThree␈αreviews␈αof
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xJ.␈α
Weizenbaum's␈α
␈↓αComputer␈α
Power␈α
and␈α
Human␈α
Reason,␈↓␈α
Stanford␈α
AIM-
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓x291, STAN-CS=76-577, November 1976.

␈↓ ↓H␈↓Buchanan,␈α⊂Jack␈α⊂(1974)␈α⊂A␈α⊂Study␈α⊂in␈α⊂Automatic␈α⊂Programming,␈α⊂SAIL␈α∂Memo
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xAIM-245, STAN-CS-74-458, May, 1974.  (DR,)

␈↓ ↓H␈↓Cattell,␈α→R.␈α→G.␈α_G.,␈α→␈↓αFormalization␈α→and␈α_Automatic␈α→Derivation␈α→of␈α_Code
␈↓ ↓H␈↓α␈↓ ↓xGenerators␈↓,␈αPh.D.␈αthesis,␈αResearch␈αReport␈αCMU-CS-78-115,␈αDepartment
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xof␈α*Computer␈α+Science,␈α*Carnegie-Mellon␈α+University,␈α*Pittsburgh,
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xPennsylvania, April 1978.

␈↓ ↓H␈↓Chandrasekharan␈α∂and␈α∂Reeker␈α∂(1974)␈α∂AI:␈α∞A␈α∂Case␈α∂for␈α∂Agnosticism,␈α∂in␈α∞␈↓αIEEE
␈↓ ↓H␈↓α␈↓ ↓xTransactions␈α↔on␈α↔Systems,␈α⊗Man,␈α↔and␈α↔Cybernetics␈↓;␈α↔January,␈α⊗1974,
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xpp.88-94. (ESS,P)

␈↓ ↓H␈↓Chang,␈α⊗Chin-Liang,␈α⊗and␈α⊗Lee,␈α⊗Richard␈α⊗Char-Tung,␈α⊗␈↓αSymbolic␈α⊗Logic␈α⊗and
␈↓ ↓H␈↓α␈↓ ↓xMechanical␈α∞Theorem␈α∞Proving␈↓,␈α∞Academic␈α∞Press,␈α∞New␈α∞York,␈α∂1973,␈α∞346
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xpages, $19.00.   More detail than is required.  (TEXT)

␈↓ ↓H␈↓Chase,␈αW.G.,␈α
editor,␈α␈↓αVisual␈αInformation␈α
Processing␈↓,␈αAcademic␈α
Press,␈αNew
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xYork,␈α⊃1973.␈α∩(Collection,␈α⊃each␈α∩of␈α⊃which␈α⊃is␈α∩at␈α⊃least␈α∩(SUM,␈α⊃);␈α∩some␈α⊃are
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xsingled out elsewhere.)

␈↓ ↓H␈↓Cohen,␈α∂Philip␈α∂On␈α∂Knowing␈α∂What␈α∂to␈α∂Say:␈α∂Planning␈α∂Speech␈α∂Acts,␈α∂Tech␈α∞Rpt
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓x118,␈α_U.␈α_of␈α_Toronto␈α_CSD,␈α_January␈α_1978␈α_(DR,I:␈α_use␈α_of␈α_planning␈α_to
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xrecognize/generate speech)

␈↓ ↓H␈↓@Colby,␈αKenneth␈α
Mark,␈αSimulations␈αof␈α
belief␈αsystems,␈α
in␈αSchank␈αand␈α
Colby
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓x(eds.).␈α∩Also␈α⊃a␈α∩recent␈α∩book,␈α⊃␈↓αArtificial␈α∩Paranoia␈↓,␈α⊃1975.␈α∩ The␈α∩article␈α⊃in
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓αReferences␈↓␈↓ 
n19


␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xSchank␈αand␈α
Colby␈αis␈α
sufficient.␈α (SUM,DR,␈α
I:It's␈αeasier␈α
to␈αsimulate␈αa␈α
rigid
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xpersonality than a normal one)

␈↓ ↓H␈↓Coles,␈αSteve,␈αand␈αFikes,␈αRich,␈αeditors,␈α␈↓αSIGART␈αNewsletter␈↓,␈αSpecial␈αInterest
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xGroup␈α⊃on␈α⊃Artificial␈α⊂Intelligence␈α⊃(SIGART),␈α⊃Association␈α⊃for␈α⊂Computing
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xMachinery,␈α∀New␈α∀York,␈α∀New␈α∀York,␈α∀quarterly␈α∀(with␈α∀luck),␈α∃50␈α∀pages
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓x(approximate),␈α∨$10.00␈α per␈α∨year␈α∨(free␈α to␈α∨members␈α of␈α∨SIGART).
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓x(SURV/SUM, )

␈↓ ↓H␈↓Collins,␈α∩A.␈α⊃M.,␈α∩and␈α⊃ Quillian,␈α∩M.␈α⊃R.␈α∩How␈α⊃to␈α∩make␈α⊃a␈α∩language␈α⊃user.␈α∩In␈α⊃E.
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xTulving␈α
and␈αW.␈α
Donaldson␈α
(Eds.),␈α␈↓αOrganization␈α
of␈α
memory␈↓.␈αNew␈α
York:
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xAcademic Press, 1972. (SUM,I: use of semantic nets)

␈↓ ↓H␈↓@Darlington␈αand␈α
Burstall␈α(1973)␈αA␈α
System␈αWhich␈αAutomatically␈α
Improves
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xPrograms,␈α⊃␈↓α3rd␈α⊃IJCAI␈↓,␈α⊃pp.␈α⊃479-485.␈α⊃(SUM,␈α⊃I:encoding␈α∩knowledge␈α⊃into
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xschemata rewriting rules)

␈↓ ↓H␈↓@Davis,␈α≤Randall␈α≥Generalized␈α≤Procedure␈α≤Calling␈α≥and␈α≤Content-Directed
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xInvocation,␈α∀␈↓αProc.␈α∪ACM␈α∀Symposium␈α∪AI␈α∀&␈α∪PL␈↓,␈α∀1977,␈α∀45-54␈α∪(SURV,I:
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xprocedures should state their effects)

␈↓ ↓H␈↓Davis,␈α∂Randall,␈α∞Meta-Level␈α∂Knowledge:␈α∞Overview␈α∂and␈α∂Applications,␈α∞␈↓αProc
␈↓ ↓H␈↓α␈↓ ↓xIJACI5␈↓, 1977, 920-927 (SUM,I: meta-knowledge)

␈↓ ↓H␈↓@Davis,␈α
Randall,␈α
and␈αJonathan␈α
King␈α
An␈αOverview␈α
of␈α
Production␈αSystems,
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xin␈α∞␈↓αMachine␈α∞Intelligence␈α∂8␈↓,␈α∞E.␈α∞Elcock␈α∂and␈α∞D.␈α∞Michie␈α∂(eds),␈α∞Chichester,
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xEllis Horwood, 1977 (SURV,P)

␈↓ ↓H␈↓@Davis,␈α_Randall,␈α_Bruce␈α↔Buchanan,␈α_and␈α_Edward␈α_Shortliffe,␈α↔Production
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xRules␈α as␈α a␈α!Representation␈α for␈α a␈α!Knowledge-Based␈α consultation
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xProgram,␈α∩␈↓αArtificial␈α∩Intelligence␈↓,␈α∪8,␈α∩1977,␈α∩15-45␈α∪(DR,I:␈α∩organization
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xand use of knowledge, computer-based consultation)

␈↓ ↓H␈↓Dijkstra, Dahl, and Hoare, ␈↓αStructured Programming␈↓ (DR, I)

␈↓ ↓H␈↓Dresher,␈α↔B.E.,␈α↔and␈α↔N.␈α↔Hornstein.␈α↔ On␈α↔Some␈α↔Supposed␈α_contributions␈α↔of
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xArtificial␈α%Intelligence␈α%to␈α%The␈α%Scientific␈α%Study␈α%of␈α$Knowledge,
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓x␈↓αCognition␈↓, 4, 1976 (ESS,P)

␈↓ ↓H␈↓Dresher,␈α∂B.E.,␈α∂and␈α∞N.␈α∂Hornstein.␈α∂ Reply␈α∞to␈α∂Winograd,␈α∂␈↓αCognition␈↓,␈α∂5,␈α∞1977,
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓x379-392 (ESS,P)
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓αReferences␈↓␈↓ 
n20


␈↓ ↓H␈↓@Dreyfus,␈α∪Hubert,␈α∪␈↓αWhat␈α∪Computers␈α∪Can␈↓'␈↓αt␈α∪Do␈↓,␈α∪Harper␈α∪and␈α∀Row,␈α∪1972.
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓x(ESS,P)

␈↓ ↓H␈↓Duda,␈α⊗R.␈α∃O.,␈α⊗P.␈α⊗E.␈α∃Hart,␈α⊗N.␈α∃J.␈α⊗Nilsson,␈α⊗and␈α∃G.␈α⊗L.␈α⊗Sutherland,␈α∃Semantic
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xNetwork␈α&Representations␈α&in␈α%Rule-based␈α&Inference␈α&Systems,␈α%in
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xWaterman␈α)and␈α*Hayes-Roth␈α)(eds),␈α*␈↓αPattern-Directed␈α)Inference
␈↓ ↓H␈↓α␈↓ ↓xSystems␈↓, New York: Academic, 1978

␈↓ ↓H␈↓Duda,␈α∂R.,␈α∂and␈α∂Hart,␈α⊂P.,␈α∂␈↓αPattern␈α∂Classification␈α∂and␈α∂Scene␈α⊂Analysis␈↓,␈α∂John
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xWiley␈α
and␈α
Sons,␈α
New␈αYork,␈α
New␈α
York,␈α
1973.␈αMuch␈α
more␈α
detail␈α
than␈αis
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xrequired; emphasis is not AI.  (DR,TEXT)

␈↓ ↓H␈↓@Erman,␈α⊗L.D.␈α⊗and␈α∃V.R.␈α⊗Lesser␈α⊗A␈α∃Multi-level␈α⊗Organization␈α⊗for␈α∃Problem
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xSolving␈α∂Using␈α∂Many␈α∂Diverse␈α∞Cooperating␈α∂Sources␈α∂of␈α∂Knowledge,␈α∞␈↓αProc
␈↓ ↓H␈↓α␈↓ ↓xIJCAI4␈↓, 1975, 483-490 (DR,I: modular knowledge sources, blackboard)

␈↓ ↓H␈↓Ernst,␈α
George␈α
W.,␈α
and␈α
Newell,␈α
Allen,␈α
␈↓αGPS:␈α
A␈α
Case␈α
Study␈α
in␈α
Generality␈α
and
␈↓ ↓H␈↓α␈↓ ↓xProblem␈αSolving␈↓,␈αAcademic␈αPress,␈αNew␈αYork,␈αNew␈αYork,␈α1969,␈αx␈α+␈α
297
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xpages,␈α⊃$16.50␈α⊃($13.20␈α⊃to␈α⊃members␈α⊃of␈α⊃the␈α⊃Association␈α⊃for␈α⊂Computing
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xMachinery). Not central, but many good ideas are inside.  (DR, )

␈↓ ↓H␈↓@Evans:␈α⊂ANALOGY,␈α∂found␈α⊂in␈α⊂[Minsky␈α∂SIP].␈α⊂For␈α∂related␈α⊂work,␈α⊂see␈α∂[Kling
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xANALOGY].␈α⊂ (SUM,␈α⊂I:power␈α⊂of␈α⊂using␈α⊂even␈α⊂a␈α⊂crude␈α⊂version␈α⊂of␈α⊃a␈α⊂single
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xsimple heuristic)

␈↓ ↓H␈↓Fahlman,␈α↔Scott␈α↔E.␈α↔ A␈α↔System␈α↔for␈α↔Representing␈α↔and␈α↔Using␈α↔Real-World
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xKnowledge,␈α_AI-TR-450,␈α↔MIT␈α_AI␈α↔Lab,␈α_December␈α↔1977␈α_(DR,I:␈α↔certain
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xinferences should be made quickly and easily, using hardware)

␈↓ ↓H␈↓@Falk,␈α→G.␈α→(1972)␈α→Interpretation␈α→of␈α_Imperfect␈α→Line␈α→Data␈α→as␈α→a␈α_Three-
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xdimensional␈αScene,␈α
␈↓αArtificial␈αIntelligence␈↓,␈α
3,␈α1972,␈α
pp.␈α101-144.␈α
(SUM,
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xI:good␈α
when␈α∞nature␈α
falls␈α
into␈α∞a␈α
few␈α∞tens␈α
of␈α
categories,␈α∞so␈α
task␈α∞is␈α
hard
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xbut doable.)

␈↓ ↓H␈↓@Feigenbaum,␈α∞E.␈α∞[EPAM]␈α
The␈α∞Simulation␈α∞of␈α
Verbal␈α∞Learning␈α∞Behavior,␈α
in
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xE.A.Feigenbaum␈α∪&␈α∪J.␈α∪Feldman␈α∪(eds),␈α∪␈↓αComputers␈α∪and␈α∀Thought␈↓,␈α∪New
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xYork:␈α≥McGrah-Hill,␈α≥1963␈α≡(SUM,␈α≥P␈α≥general␈α≥idea␈α≡of␈α≥psychological
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xmodelling)

␈↓ ↓H␈↓@Feigenbaum,␈α∃E.␈α∃et␈α∃al␈α⊗(1971)␈α∃[DENDRAL]␈α∃On␈α∃Generality␈α⊗and␈α∃Problem
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓αReferences␈↓␈↓ 
n21


␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xSolving:␈α∂A␈α∂Case␈α∞Study␈α∂Using␈α∂The␈α∞DENDRAL␈α∂Program.␈α∂(eds␈α∂Meltzer␈α∞and
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xMichie)␈α≥␈↓αMachine␈α≥Intelligence␈α≥6␈↓,␈α≥pp␈α≥165-190.␈α≥(SUM,␈α≥I:A␈α≤useful
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xapplication; Choose domain carefully)

␈↓ ↓H␈↓[C&T]␈α⊂Feigenbaum,␈α⊂Edward␈α⊂A.,␈α∂and␈α⊂Feldman,␈α⊂Julian,␈α⊂editors,␈α∂␈↓αComputers
␈↓ ↓H␈↓α␈↓ ↓xand␈α⊗Thought␈↓,␈α∃McGraw-Hill␈α⊗Book␈α⊗Company,␈α∃New␈α⊗York,␈α⊗New␈α∃York,
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓x1963,␈α
xiv␈α
+␈α
535␈α
pages,␈α$8.75.␈α
 Old␈α
but␈α
worth␈α
reading.␈α (Collection,␈α
each
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xof which is at least (SUM, ). Some singled out elsewhere.)

␈↓ ↓H␈↓@Feigenbaum,␈α∪E.A.␈α∪ The␈α∪Art␈α∀of␈α∪Artificial␈α∪Intelligence:␈α∪Themes␈α∀and␈α∪Case
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xStudies␈α⊗of␈α⊗Knowledge␈α∃Engineering,␈α⊗␈↓αProc␈α⊗IJCAI5␈↓,␈α⊗1977,␈α∃1014-1029
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓x(SURV,I: use of large amounts of domain-specific knowledge)

␈↓ ↓H␈↓Feldman,␈αPingle,␈αBinford,␈αFalk,␈α
Kay,␈αPaul,␈αSproull,␈αTenenbaum.␈α(1971)␈α
The
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xUse␈α⊂of␈α⊃Vision␈α⊂and␈α⊃Manipulation␈α⊂to␈α⊂Solve␈α⊃the␈α⊂Instant␈α⊃Insanity␈α⊂Puzzle,
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓x␈↓αProc IJCAI2␈↓.  (SUM, )

␈↓ ↓H␈↓Feldman,␈α∩Jerome␈α∩A.␈α∩&␈α∩Robert␈α∩F.␈α∩Sproull␈α∩Decision␈α∩Theory␈α∩and␈α∩Artificial
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xIntelligence␈α
II:␈α
The␈α
Hungry␈αMonkey,␈α
␈↓αCognitive␈α
Science␈↓,␈α
1,␈α
1977,␈α158-
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓x192 (DR,I: use of decision theory to allocate scarce resources)

␈↓ ↓H␈↓@Fikes,␈αR.␈α
E.␈αet␈α
al␈α(1972)␈α
Learning␈αand␈α
Executing␈αGeneralized␈αRobot␈α
Plans.
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓x␈↓αArtificial␈α∞Intelligence␈↓,␈α∞Vol.␈α∞3␈α∞(Winter␈α∞1972).␈α∞(SUM,␈α∞I:Triangle␈α∞Tables;
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xhandling of Frame problem,plans. D: Triangle tables)

␈↓ ↓H␈↓@Fikes,␈α∩R.␈α⊃and␈α∩G.␈α⊃Hendrix␈α∩A␈α⊃Network-based␈α∩Knowledge␈α⊃Representation
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xand its Natural Deduction System, ␈↓αProc IJCAI5␈↓, 1977, 235-246 (SUM,I)

␈↓ ↓H␈↓Findler,␈α≥N.V.,␈α≡and␈α≥Meltzer,␈α≥B.,␈α≡editors,␈α≥␈↓αArtificial␈α≡Intelligence␈α≥and
␈↓ ↓H␈↓α␈↓ ↓xHeuristic␈α≠Programming␈↓,␈α≠Edinburgh␈α≠University␈α≠Press,␈α≠Edinburgh,
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xScotland, 1971, ? + ? pages, $15.00. (SUM, a collection of papers)

␈↓ ↓H␈↓Finkel,␈α∩R.,␈α∩Russel␈α∩Taylor,␈α∩Robert␈α∩Bolles,␈α∩Richard␈α∩Paul,␈α∪Jerome␈α∩Feldman,
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓x"AL,␈α⊃A␈α⊃Programming␈α⊃System␈α⊂for␈α⊃Automation",␈α⊃AIM-243,␈α⊃CS-456,␈α⊂130
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xpages, November 1974.  (DR, )

␈↓ ↓H␈↓Finkel,␈α
R.,␈α
Bolles,␈α
R.C.,␈α
Taylor,␈α
R.H.,␈α
AL,␈α
A␈α
Language␈α
for␈α
Assembly,␈α␈↓αProc␈α
4th
␈↓ ↓H␈↓α␈↓ ↓xInt Jt Conf on AI␈↓, Tbilisi, 1975.

␈↓ ↓H␈↓@Firschein,␈α∞O.,␈α
and␈α∞Coles,␈α
S.␈α∞(1973)␈α
Forecasting␈α∞and␈α
Assessing␈α∞The␈α
Impact
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓αReferences␈↓␈↓ 
n22


␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xof␈α≥Artificial␈α≤Intelligence␈α≥on␈α≤Society.␈α≥␈↓α3rd␈α≤IJCAI␈↓;␈α≥105-120␈α≤(SUM,
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xQuestionaire results: Look this over, at least.)

␈↓ ↓H␈↓@Floyd,␈α
R.␈α
W.␈α(1971)␈α
Toward␈α
Interactive␈αDesign␈α
of␈α
Correct␈αPrograms,␈α
␈↓αIFIP
␈↓ ↓H␈↓α␈↓ ↓x71␈↓,␈α→(ed.,␈α~C.V.␈α→Freeman),␈α~Volume␈α→1,␈α→pp.␈α~7-10.␈α→(ESS:␈α~An␈α→extended
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xexample. Brief, but contains an idea I: Auto.pgmming via dialogue)

␈↓ ↓H␈↓Fogel,␈α∀Lawrence␈α∀J.,␈α∀Owens,␈α∀Alvin␈α∀J.,␈α∀and␈α∀Walsh,␈α∀Michael␈α∀J.,␈α∀␈↓αArtificial
␈↓ ↓H␈↓α␈↓ ↓xIntelligence␈α∀through␈α∃a␈α∀Simulation␈α∀of␈α∃Evolution␈↓,␈α∀John␈α∃Wiley␈α∀and
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xSons,␈α⊃New␈α∩York,␈α⊃New␈α∩York,␈α⊃1966.␈α∩ Just␈α⊃glance␈α∩over␈α⊃this␈α∩and␈α⊃notice
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xwhat its significance is.  (DR, P:title of the book)

␈↓ ↓H␈↓@Funt,␈α∀Brian␈α∀WHISPER:␈α∪A␈α∀Problem-Solving␈α∀System␈α∀Utilizing␈α∪Diagrams,
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓x␈↓αProc␈α∂IJCAI5␈↓,␈α∞1977,␈α∂459-464␈α∞(SUM,I:␈α∂analogical␈α∞reasoning␈α∂may␈α∂buy␈α∞us
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xsome nice properties)

␈↓ ↓H␈↓@Gelernter: GEOMETRY. Found in [C&T]. (SUM, I:use of analogic models)

␈↓ ↓H␈↓Gennery,D.B.;␈α_"A␈α→Stereo␈α_Vision␈α_System␈α→for␈α_An␈α→Autonomous␈α_Vehicle";
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓x␈↓αProceedings␈α5th␈αInternational␈αJoint␈αConf␈αon␈αArtificial␈αIntelligence␈↓,
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓x1977, 576-582. (DR)

␈↓ ↓H␈↓Gerhart,␈α~Susan␈α~L.,␈α~␈↓αProgram␈α~Verification␈α~in␈α~the␈α≠1980s:␈α~ Problems,
␈↓ ↓H␈↓α␈↓ ↓xPerspectives,␈α≡and␈α≡Opportunities␈↓,␈α≡Research␈α≡Report␈α≡ISI/RR-78-71,
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xInformation␈α~Sciences␈α~Institute,␈α~University␈α~of␈α~Southern␈α~California,
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xMarina del Rey, California, August 1978.

␈↓ ↓H␈↓Gips,␈α⊂J.␈α⊃Shape␈α⊂grammars␈α⊃and␈α⊂their␈α⊃uses,␈α⊂ AI␈α⊃memo␈α⊂231,␈α⊃ last␈α⊂third␈α⊃is␈α⊂on
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xaesthetics.␈α≤ Will␈α≤soon␈α≤be␈α≤published␈α≤by␈α≤Birkhauser␈α≥Verlag,␈α≤Basle,
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xSwitzerland.  (DR, I:picture grammar, aesthetics related to simplicity)

␈↓ ↓H␈↓@Goldman,␈α∪Neil,␈α∪Sentence␈α∪Paraphrasing␈α∩from␈α∪a␈α∪Conceptual␈α∪Base,␈α∩␈↓αCACM␈↓,
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓x18:2␈α∂February␈α∂1975,␈α∂pp.␈α∂96-107.␈α∂ (SUM,␈α∂I:integration␈α∂of␈α∂decision␈α∂tree
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xcontrol with conceptual dependency).

␈↓ ↓H␈↓Goldman,␈α⊃N.,␈α⊃R.␈α∩Balzer,␈α⊃and␈α⊃D.␈α⊃Wile,␈α∩The␈α⊃Inference␈α⊃of␈α∩Domain␈α⊃Structure
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xfrom␈α_Informal␈α_Process␈α_Descriptions,␈α_␈↓αProc.␈α_Workshop␈α_on␈α↔Pattern-
␈↓ ↓H␈↓α␈↓ ↓xDirected␈α∪Inference␈α∪Systems␈↓,␈α∪SIGART␈α∪Newsletter,␈α∪June␈α∀1977,␈α∪75-82
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓x(SUM)
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓αReferences␈↓␈↓ 
n23


␈↓ ↓H␈↓Goldstein,␈αIra,␈α␈↓αUnderstanding␈αSimple␈αPicture␈αprograms␈↓,␈αsee␈α
summary␈αin
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓x[MIT 1974].  (SUM, I: use of models in debugging)

␈↓ ↓H␈↓Goldstein,␈α∂Ira,␈α⊂and␈α∂Seymour␈α∂Papert␈α⊂Artificial␈α∂Intelligence,␈α⊂Language,␈α∂and
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xthe Study of Knowledge, ␈↓αCognitive Science␈↓, 1, 1977, 84-120 (SURV,P)

␈↓ ↓H␈↓@Green,␈α∀C.␈α∀C.␈α∀(1969)␈α∀[TP]␈α∪The␈α∀Application␈α∀of␈α∀Theorem␈α∀Proving␈α∀to␈α∪QA
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xSystems,␈α
Stanford␈α
Technical␈αReport␈α
CS␈α
138,␈αSAIL␈α
Memo␈α
AI-96.␈α(DR,␈α
I:use
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xof Resolution to perform deduction & answer questions)

␈↓ ↓H␈↓@Green,␈αC.␈αCordell,␈αA␈αSummary␈αof␈αthe␈αPSI␈αProgram␈αSynthesis␈αSystem,␈α␈↓αProc
␈↓ ↓H␈↓α␈↓ ↓xIJCAI5␈↓, 1977, 380-381 (SUM,P)

␈↓ ↓H␈↓Green,␈α→Cordell,␈α~"An␈α→Informal␈α→Talk␈α~on␈α→Recent␈α→Progress␈α~in␈α→Automatic
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xProgramming",␈α ␈↓αLectures␈α on␈α Automatic␈α Programming␈α!and␈α List
␈↓ ↓H␈↓α␈↓ ↓xProcessing␈↓,␈α~PIPS-R-12,␈α≠Electrotechnical␈α~Laboratory,␈α≠Tokyo,␈α~Japan,
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xNovember 1976, pages 1-69.

␈↓ ↓H␈↓Green,␈α∂Cordell,␈α∂and␈α∂Barstow,␈α∂David,␈α∂"On␈α∂Program␈α∂Synthesis␈α∞Knowledge",
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓x␈↓αArtificial␈α∂Intelligence␈↓,␈α∞Volume␈α∂10,␈α∂Number␈α∞3,␈α∂November␈α∂1978,␈α∞pages
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓x241-279.

␈↓ ↓H␈↓@Greenblatt,␈α~R.B.,␈α≠D.␈α~Eastlake␈α≠and␈α~S.␈α≠Crocker,␈α~The␈α≠Greenblatt␈α~Chess
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xProgram␈α≠␈↓αProceedings␈α≠of␈α≠the␈α≠1967␈α≠Joint␈α≠computer␈α≠conference␈↓,
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓x30:801-810,␈α 1967.␈α  (SUM,␈α I:use␈α∨of␈α a␈α variety␈α of␈α game␈α∨playing
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xtechniques)

␈↓ ↓H␈↓Grosz,␈α⊃Barbara␈α⊃J.,␈α⊃The␈α⊂Representation␈α⊃and␈α⊃Use␈α⊃of␈α⊂Focus␈α⊃in␈α⊃a␈α⊃System␈α⊂for
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xUnderstanding Dialogs, ␈↓αProc IJCAI5␈↓, 1977, 67-76 (DR)

␈↓ ↓H␈↓@Guard,␈α~J.R.,␈α~et␈α~al.␈α~(1969)␈α~Semi-Automated␈α~Mathematics,␈α~␈↓αJACM␈↓␈α~16,
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xJanuary,␈α∪1969,␈α∪pp.␈α∪49-62.␈α∪ (SUM,␈α∩D:A␈α∪new␈α∪result␈α∪in␈α∪Math␈α∪has␈α∩been
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xestablished by a computer program: SAM's LEMMA)

␈↓ ↓H␈↓Hayes,␈α⊃Patrick␈α⊃J.␈α⊃ Computation␈α⊂and␈α⊃Deduction,␈α⊃␈↓αProc␈α⊃MFCS␈α⊂Symposium␈↓,
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xCzech. Acad. Sciences, 1973 (ESS,P)

␈↓ ↓H␈↓@Hayes,␈α⊃Patrick␈α⊃J.␈α⊃ Some␈α⊃Problems␈α⊃and␈α⊃Non-Problems␈α⊃in␈α⊃Representation
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xTheory, ␈↓αAISB Summer Conference␈↓, 1974 (ESS & SURV, D)
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓αReferences␈↓␈↓ 
n24


␈↓ ↓H␈↓@Hayes,␈α⊗Patrick␈α∃J.␈α⊗ In␈α⊗Defence␈α∃of␈α⊗Logic,␈α∃␈↓αProc␈α⊗IJCAI5␈↓,␈α⊗1977,␈α∃559-565
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓x(ESS,P)

␈↓ ↓H␈↓@Hayes-Roth,␈α
Frederick,␈α
D.A.␈α
Waterman,␈αand␈α
Douglas␈α
B.␈α
Lenat.␈α Principles
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xof␈α
Pattern-Directed␈αInference␈α
Systems,␈αin␈α
␈↓αPattern-Directed␈αInference
␈↓ ↓H␈↓α␈↓ ↓xSystems␈↓,␈α∂D.A.␈α∂Waterman␈α∞&␈α∂F.␈α∂Hayes-Roth␈α∞(eds),␈α∂Academic␈α∂Press,␈α∞New
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xYork, 1978 (SURV,P)

␈↓ ↓H␈↓Heidorn,␈α~George,␈α~Automatic␈α→Programming␈α~Through␈α~Natural␈α→Language
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xDialogue:␈α↔A␈α↔Survey,␈α↔␈↓αIBM␈α↔Journal␈α↔of␈α↔Research␈α↔and␈α↔Development␈↓,
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xVolume␈α20,␈αNumber␈α4,␈αJuly␈α1976.␈α @Hendrix,␈αG.␈α Expanding␈αthe␈αUtility
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xof␈α∂Semantic␈α⊂Networks␈α∂through␈α∂Partitioning,␈α⊂␈↓αProc␈α∂IJCAI4␈↓␈α⊂1975,␈α∂115-
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓x121 (SUM, I: use of spaces in nets, to achiev scoping, etc)

␈↓ ↓H␈↓@Hewitt,␈αCarl␈αand␈αBrian␈αSmith,␈αTowards␈αa␈αProgramming␈αApprentice,␈α␈↓αIEEE
␈↓ ↓H␈↓α␈↓ ↓xTransactions␈αon␈αSoftware␈α
Engineering␈↓,␈αVol␈αSE-1,␈α1975,␈α
26-46␈α(SUM,
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xI:Actors)

␈↓ ↓H␈↓@Hewitt,␈α
Carl␈αViewing␈α
Control␈αStructures␈α
as␈αPatterns␈α
of␈αPassing␈α
Messages,
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓x␈↓αArtificial␈α∞Intelligence␈↓,␈α∞8,␈α∞1977,␈α∞323-364␈α∞(DR,I:␈α∞more␈α∞actors;␈α
Hewitt's
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xonly comprehensible paper)

␈↓ ↓H␈↓Horn,␈α
B.K.P.;␈α
"Understanding␈α
Image␈α
Intensities",␈α
␈↓αArtificial␈αIntelligence␈↓,␈α
8,
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓x201, (1977). (DR)

␈↓ ↓H␈↓Hunt,␈α∨E.␈α∨and␈α∨S.␈α∨Poltrock␈α∨The␈α∨Mechanics␈α∨of␈α∨Thought,␈α in␈α∨␈↓αHuman
␈↓ ↓H␈↓α␈↓ ↓xInformation␈αProcessing:␈αTutorials␈αin␈αPerformance␈αand␈αCognition␈↓,␈αB.
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xKantowitz (ed), Hillsdale, Erlbaum, 1974 (SURV,P)

␈↓ ↓H␈↓Hunt,␈α∪Earl␈α∩B.,␈α∪␈↓αArtificial␈α∩Intelligence␈↓,␈α∪Academic␈α∩Press,␈α∪Inc.,␈α∪New␈α∩York,
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xNew␈α∩York,␈α∩1975,␈α∩?␈α∩+␈α∩478␈α∩pages,␈α∩$29.00.␈α∩(TEXT,␈α∩D:good␈α∪coverage␈α∩of
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xpattern recog. and perceptrons)

␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓αInternational␈α"Joint␈α"Conferences␈α"in␈α"Artificial␈α#Intelligence␈↓,␈α"held
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xbiannually␈α∞since␈α∂1969;␈α∞proceedings␈α∂available␈α∞from␈α∂program␈α∞chairmen;
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xbest indicator of current research trends

␈↓ ↓H␈↓Jackson,␈α
Philip␈α
C.,␈α
Jr.,␈α
␈↓αIntroduction␈α
to␈α
Artificial␈α∞Intelligence␈↓,␈α
Petrocelli
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xBooks,␈α≠New␈α~York,␈α≠New␈α~York,␈α≠1974,␈α~xviii␈α≠+␈α~453␈α≠pages,␈α~$17.50.
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xElementary; if you feel lost in some subfield, consult this.  (TEXT, )
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓αReferences␈↓␈↓ 
n25


␈↓ ↓H␈↓Julesz,B.;␈α∂␈↓αFoundations␈α∂of␈α∂Cyclopean␈α∂Perception␈↓,␈α∂Univ␈α∂of␈α∂Chicago␈α∂Press,
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xChicago, 1971. (TEXT, P)

␈↓ ↓H␈↓Julesz,␈α∞B.,␈α∂"Experiments␈α∞in␈α∞the␈α∂Visual␈α∞Perception␈α∞of␈α∂Texture";␈α∞␈↓αScientific
␈↓ ↓H␈↓α␈↓ ↓xAmerican␈↓, April 1975. (SUM)

␈↓ ↓H␈↓Kanade,␈α∪T.;␈α∪"A␈α∩Theory␈α∪of␈α∪Origami␈α∪World";␈α∩Dept␈α∪of␈α∪Comp␈α∪Sci,␈α∩Carnegie-
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xMellon Univ, 1978, CMU-CS-78-144. (DR)

␈↓ ↓H␈↓Kant,␈αElaine,␈α"The␈αSelection␈αof␈αEfficient␈αImplementations␈αfor␈αa␈αHigh-Level
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xLanguage",␈α∂␈↓↓Proceedings␈α⊂of␈α∂the␈α⊂Symposium␈α∂on␈α⊂Artificial␈α∂Intelligence
␈↓ ↓H␈↓↓␈↓ ↓xand␈αProgramming␈α
Languages␈↓,␈α␈↓αSIGPLAN␈α
Notices␈↓,␈αVolume␈α
12,␈αNumber␈α
8,
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓x␈↓αSIGART Newsletter␈↓, Number 64, August 1977, pages 140-146.

␈↓ ↓H␈↓Kaplan,␈α∃R.␈α∃A␈α∃general␈α⊗syntactic␈α∃processor.␈α∃In␈α∃R.␈α∃Rustin␈α⊗(Ed.),␈α∃␈↓αNatural
␈↓ ↓H␈↓α␈↓ ↓xlanguage processing␈↓. New York: Algorithmics Press, 1973. (DR)

␈↓ ↓H␈↓Kellogg,␈α∂Charles,␈α∂Philip␈α∂Klahr,␈α∂and␈α∂Larry␈α∂Travis.␈α∂ Deductive␈α∂Methods␈α∂for
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xLarge␈α
Data␈α
Bases,␈α
␈↓αProc␈α
IJCAI5␈↓,␈α
1977,␈α
pp␈α
203-209␈α(SUM,I:␈α
ABSTRIPS-like
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xskeletal plans can help deduction)

␈↓ ↓H␈↓de␈α⊗Kleer,␈α⊗Johan,␈α∃Jon␈α⊗Doyle,␈α⊗Guy␈α∃L.␈α⊗Steele␈α⊗Jr,␈α∃&␈α⊗Gerald␈α⊗Jay␈α∃Sussman.
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xAMORD:␈α∞Explicit␈α∞Control␈α∞of␈α∂Reasoning,␈α∞␈↓αProc␈α∞ACM␈α∞Sym␈α∞AI␈α∂PL␈↓,␈α∞SIGART
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓x#64, August 1977, 116-125 (SUM,I)

␈↓ ↓H␈↓@Kling,␈α↔Robert␈α↔E.,␈α↔A␈α_Paradigm␈α↔for␈α↔Reasoning␈α↔by␈α_Analogy,␈α↔␈↓αArtificial
␈↓ ↓H␈↓α␈↓ ↓xIntelligence␈↓,␈α
2,␈α1971,␈α
pp.␈α147-178.␈α
 (SUM,␈αI:similar␈α
to␈αEvans'␈α
idea,␈αbut
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xanalyzed further.)

␈↓ ↓H␈↓@Kuhn,␈α≠Thomas,␈α≤␈↓αThe␈α≠structure␈α≤of␈α≠scientific␈α≤revolutions␈↓,␈α≠Chicago:
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xUniversity of Chicago press, 1962. (ESS,P)

␈↓ ↓H␈↓Land,␈α⊃E.H.;␈α⊃"The␈α⊃Retinex␈α⊃Theory␈α⊃of␈α⊃Color␈α⊃Vision";␈α∩␈↓αScientific␈α⊃American␈↓,
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xDec 1977. (SUM)

␈↓ ↓H␈↓Larson,␈α∞J.B.,␈α∞and␈α∞R.S.␈α∞Michalski␈α∞Inductive␈α∞Inference␈α∞of␈α∞VL␈α∂Decision␈α∞Rules,
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓x␈↓αProc Wkshp Patt-Dir Inf Systems␈↓, SIGART 63, 1977, 38-44 (SUM)

␈↓ ↓H␈↓Lehnert,␈α%Wendy,␈α$Human␈α%and␈α$Computational␈α%Question␈α$Answering,
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓x␈↓αCognitive Science␈↓, 1, 1977, 47-73 (SUM)
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓αReferences␈↓␈↓ 
n26


␈↓ ↓H␈↓Lenat,␈α∃Doug,␈α∀BEINGS:␈α∃Knowledge␈α∃as␈α∀Interacting␈α∃Experts,␈α∃␈↓αProc␈α∀IJCAI4␈↓,
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓x1975, 126-133 (DR, I:beings)

␈↓ ↓H␈↓@Lenat,␈α∩Douglas␈α∩B.,␈α∪Automated␈α∩Theory␈α∩Formation␈α∩in␈α∪Mathematics,␈α∩␈↓αProc
␈↓ ↓H␈↓α␈↓ ↓xIJCAI5␈↓, 1977, 833-842 (DR,I: heuristics to generate search)

␈↓ ↓H␈↓Lenat,␈α∀Douglas␈α∀B.,␈α∀and␈α∀John␈α∀McDermott,␈α∀Less␈α∀Than␈α∀General␈α∪Production
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xSystem␈α↔Architectures,␈α↔␈↓αProc␈α↔IJCAI5␈↓,␈α↔1977,␈α↔928-932␈α↔(SURV,␈α_I:␈α↔gain
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xpower by sacrificing generality)

␈↓ ↓H␈↓Lesser,␈α~Victor␈α~R.,␈α≠and␈α~Lee␈α~E.␈α~Erman,␈α≠A␈α~Retrospective␈α~View␈α≠of␈α~the
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xHEARSAY-II Architecture, ␈↓αProc IJCAI5␈↓, 1977, 790-800 (SUM,P)

␈↓ ↓H␈↓@Victor␈αLesser,␈αRichard␈α
Fennell,␈αLee␈αErman␈α
and␈αD.␈αRaj␈αReddy,␈α
Organization
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xof␈α∂the␈α∂Hearsay␈α∂II␈α∂Speech␈α∂Understanding␈α∂System,␈α∂␈↓αIEEE␈α∂Symposium␈α∞on
␈↓ ↓H␈↓α␈↓ ↓xSpeech␈α⊃Recognition␈↓,␈α⊃Computer␈α∩Science␈α⊃Dept.,␈α⊃Carnegie␈α∩Mellon␈α⊃Univ.,
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓x1974.  (SUM, I:modular system organiztion)

␈↓ ↓H␈↓Lettvin,␈αJ.,␈αH.R.␈αMaturana,␈αW.S.␈αMcCulloch,␈αand␈αW.H.␈αPitts,␈αWhat␈αthe␈αfrog's
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xeye␈αtells␈αthe␈αfrog's␈αbrain,␈α␈↓αProceedings␈αof␈αthe␈αIRE␈↓␈α47(1959),␈αpp.␈α1940-
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓x1951. (SUM)

␈↓ ↓H␈↓Lieberman,␈α∂L.,␈α∞AUTOPASS,␈α∂A␈α∞Very␈α∂High␈α∞Level␈α∂Programming␈α∂Language␈α∞for
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xMechanical␈αAssembler␈αSystems,␈α IBM␈αWatson␈αResearch␈αCenter␈αReport␈αRC
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓x5599, No. 24205, 1975.

␈↓ ↓H␈↓@Lighthill,␈α∞Sir␈α∞J.,␈α∞and␈α∞Sutherland,␈α∞Needham,␈α∞Longuet-Higgins,␈α∞and␈α
Michie
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓x(1973)␈α~AI:␈α~A␈α→Paper␈α~Symposium;␈α~by␈α→the␈α~British␈α~Science␈α→Research
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xCouncil,␈α⊂April,␈α⊃1973.␈α⊂A␈α⊃pro/con␈α⊂AI␈α⊃debate.␈α⊂ Try␈α⊃to␈α⊂see␈α⊃the␈α⊂McCarthy,
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xMichie␈α∩vs.␈α∪Lighthill␈α∩debate␈α∪on␈α∩videotape.␈α∩ (ESS,␈α∪P,␈α∩a␈α∪general␈α∩survey
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xgiving Lighthill's view on AI.  See McCarthy's response)

␈↓ ↓H␈↓Lindsay,␈α"Peter␈α"H.,␈α#and␈α"Norman,␈α"Donald␈α"A.,␈α#␈↓αHuman␈α"Information
␈↓ ↓H␈↓α␈↓ ↓xProcessing:␈α⊗An␈α⊗Introduction␈α⊗to␈α⊗Psychology␈↓,␈α⊗Academic␈α⊗Press,␈α∃Inc.,
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xNew␈α∩York,␈α∩New␈α∩York,␈α∩1972,␈α∩xxviii␈α⊃+␈α∩737␈α∩pages,␈α∩$?.??.␈α∩ (TEXT,␈α∩P␈α⊃a
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xcomprehensive␈αelementary␈αintroduction␈αto␈αcognitive␈α
psychology␈αfrom
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xa view congenial to AI).

␈↓ ↓H␈↓London,␈α∞R.␈α∞L.,␈α∞"Perspectives␈α∞on␈α
Program␈α∞Verification",␈α∞in␈α∞Yeh,␈α∞R.␈α∞T.,␈α
(ed),
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓x␈↓αProgram␈αValidation␈↓,␈α␈↓αCurrent␈αTrends␈αin␈αProgramming␈αMethodology␈↓,
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xVolume 2, Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1977, pages 151-172.
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓αReferences␈↓␈↓ 
n27


␈↓ ↓H␈↓Lozano-Perez,␈α⊗Tomas,␈α⊗and␈α⊗Patrick␈α↔H.␈α⊗Winston,␈α⊗LAMA:␈α⊗A␈α↔Language␈α⊗for
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xAutomatic Mechanical Assembly, ␈↓αProc. IJCAI-5␈↓, 710-716. (SUM)

␈↓ ↓H␈↓Low,␈αJames,␈αand␈αRovner,␈αPaul,␈α"Techniques␈αfor␈αthe␈αAutomatic␈αSelection␈αof
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xData␈α"Structures",␈α"␈↓α␈α#Third␈α"ACM␈α"Symposium␈α"on␈α#Principles␈α"of
␈↓ ↓H␈↓α␈↓ ↓xProgramming␈α⊂Languages␈↓,␈α⊂January␈α∂1976;␈α⊂also␈α⊂TR4,␈α⊂Computer␈α∂Science
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xDepartment,␈α
University␈α
of␈α
Rochester,␈α
Rochester,␈α
New␈α∞York,␈α
November
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓x1975.

␈↓ ↓H␈↓Luckham,␈α#D.␈α#C.,␈α$"Program␈α#Verification␈α#and␈α$Verification␈α#Oriented
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xProgramming",␈α↔invited␈α↔paper,␈α↔in␈α↔Gilchrist,␈α↔B.,␈α_editor,␈α↔␈↓αInformation
␈↓ ↓H␈↓α␈↓ ↓xProcessing␈α_77:␈α_ Proceedings␈α_of␈α_IFIP␈α_Congress␈α_77␈↓,␈α_North-Holland
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xPublishing␈α∩Company,␈α⊃Amsterdam,␈α∩The␈α⊃Netherlands,␈α∩1977,␈α∩pages␈α⊃783-
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓x793.

␈↓ ↓H␈↓@McCarthy,␈α#J.,␈α#[ADVICE-TAKER]␈α""Programs␈α#With␈α#Common␈α"Sense",
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xStanford␈α∀AI␈α∪Memo␈α∀AIM-7,,AD785044,␈α∪7␈α∀pages,␈α∪September␈α∀1963.␈α∪ For
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xdetails, also look at also the following memo: (ESS, I:what we need is...)

␈↓ ↓H␈↓McCarthy,␈α∩J.,␈α∩"Situations,␈α⊃Actions,␈α∩and␈α∩Causal␈α⊃Laws",␈α∩Stanford␈α∩AI␈α⊃Memo
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓x2,July 1963.  (ESS/DR: I:You can formalize these notions)

␈↓ ↓H␈↓@McCarthy,␈αJ.␈αand␈αHayes,␈αP.␈α
(1969)␈αSome␈αPhilosophical␈αProblems␈αfrom␈α
The
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xStandpoint␈αof␈αAI.␈α ␈↓αMachine␈αIntelligence␈α4␈↓␈α(eds␈αMeltzer␈αand␈αMichie)␈α
pp.
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓x463-502.␈α
Edinburgh␈α∞University␈α
Press.␈α∞(ESS/DR:␈α
I/D:␈α∞More␈α
of␈α∞the␈α
same
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xas the last reading. Further developed.)

␈↓ ↓H␈↓@McCarthy,␈α∂John,␈α∂Review␈α∂of␈α∞Lighthill␈α∂debate,␈α∂␈↓αArtificial␈α∂Intelligence␈↓,␈α∞5,
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓x1974, 317-322 (ESS,P)

␈↓ ↓H␈↓McCarthy,␈α∃John,␈α∃␈↓αMechanization␈α∃of␈α∃Thought␈α∃Processes␈↓,␈α⊗Her␈α∃Majesty's
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xStationery Office, 1958.   Contains early McCarthy papers.

␈↓ ↓H␈↓McCarthy, J., Ascribing Mental Qualities to Machines, draft, 1977 (ESS,P)

␈↓ ↓H␈↓@McCarthy,␈α⊃J.,␈α⊃Epistemological␈α⊂Problems␈α⊃of␈α⊃Artificial␈α⊃Intelligence,␈α⊂␈↓αProc.
␈↓ ↓H␈↓α␈↓ ↓xIJCAI5␈↓, 1977, 1038-1044 (ESS,I: what is AI still missing?)

␈↓ ↓H␈↓McCune,␈α∪Brian␈α∩P.,␈α∪"The␈α∪PSI␈α∩Program␈α∪Model␈α∩Builder:␈α∪ Synthesis␈α∪of␈α∩Very
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xHigh-Level␈α∩Programs",␈α∩␈↓↓Proceedings␈α∩of␈α∩the␈α∩Symposium␈α∩on␈α⊃Artificial
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓αReferences␈↓␈↓ 
n28


␈↓ ↓H␈↓↓␈↓ ↓xIntelligence␈α∂and␈α∂Programming␈α∂Languages␈↓,␈α∂␈↓αSIGPLAN␈α∂Notices␈↓,␈α∂Volume
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓x12,␈α∩Number␈α∩8,␈α∩␈↓αSIGART␈α⊃Newsletter␈↓,␈α∩Number␈α∩64,␈α∩August␈α∩1977,␈α⊃pages
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓x130-139.

␈↓ ↓H␈↓@McDermott,␈αDrew␈α
V.,␈αVocabularies␈αfor␈α
Problem␈αSolver␈αState␈α
Descriptions,
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓x␈↓αProc. IJCAI5␈↓, 1977, 229-234 (SUM,I)

␈↓ ↓H␈↓Manna,␈α∂Zohar,␈α∞␈↓αMathematical␈α∂Theory␈α∞of␈α∂Computation␈↓.␈α∞ (TEXT,␈α∂I/D:␈α∞Read
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xsome book or article to gain familiarity with Prop and Pred Calc)

␈↓ ↓H␈↓Manna,␈α∀Zohar,␈α∀and␈α∀Richard␈α∪Waldinger,␈α∀Synthesis:␈α∀Dreams␈α∀=>␈α∪Programs,
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xAIM-302, Stanford, November 1977 (DR)

␈↓ ↓H␈↓Manna,␈α→Zohar,␈α→and␈α→Richard␈α→Waldinger,␈α→Knowledge␈α→and␈α→Reasoning␈α_in
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xProgram Synthesis, ␈↓αArtificial Intelligence␈↓, 6, 1975, 175-208 (ESS,I/P)

␈↓ ↓H␈↓Manna,␈αZohar,␈αand␈αRichard␈αWaldinger,␈α"A␈αDeductive␈αApproach␈α
to␈αProgram
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xSynthesis," SRI AI Center Tech. Note 177, Dec. 1978.

␈↓ ↓H␈↓@Manna,␈α_Zohar,␈α_Six␈α_Lectures␈α_on␈α_the␈α_logic␈α_of␈α→computer␈α_proramming,
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xStanford AIM-318, Nov 1978 (SURV, I/P)

␈↓ ↓H␈↓@Marr,␈α⊂D.,␈α⊂"Representing␈α⊂Visual␈α∂Information",␈α⊂in␈α⊂A.␈α⊂Hansen␈α⊂&␈α∂E.Riseman
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓x(eds),␈α∂␈↓αComputer␈α⊂Visual␈α∂Systems␈↓,␈α∂Academic␈α⊂Press,␈α∂1978.␈α∂ Also␈α⊂MIT␈α∂AI
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xLab Memo 415, May 1977. (ESS, P)

␈↓ ↓H␈↓@Marr,D.␈α∀and␈α∀T.Poggio;␈α∃"Cooperative␈α∀Computation␈α∀of␈α∃Stereo␈α∀Disparity";
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓x␈↓αScience␈↓, 194, Oct 1976, 283-287. (SUM)

␈↓ ↓H␈↓Marr,D.,␈α
"Analysis␈αof␈α
Occluding␈αContour",␈α
MIT␈αAI␈α
Memo␈αAIM␈α
372,␈αOct␈α
1976.
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓x(SUM)

␈↓ ↓H␈↓@Martin␈α⊂and␈α⊂Fateman␈α⊂(1971)␈α⊂The␈α⊂MACSYMA␈α⊂System,␈α⊂in␈α⊂(S.␈α⊃Petrick,␈α⊂ed.)
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓x␈↓α2nd␈α
Symposium␈α
on␈α
Symbolic␈α
and␈α
Algebraic␈α
Manipulation␈↓.␈α
NY:␈α
ACM
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xSIGSAM.␈α⊃ pp␈α⊂59-75.␈α⊃(SUM,I:␈α⊃application␈α⊂of␈α⊃AI␈α⊂techniques␈α⊃to␈α⊃a␈α⊂specific
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xdomain area)

␈↓ ↓H␈↓Meltzer,␈α_Bernard,␈α_and␈α_Michie,␈α_Donald,␈α_editors,␈α_␈↓αMachine␈α↔Intelligence␈↓,
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xvolumes␈α
1-6,␈α
American␈α∞Elsevier␈α
Publishing␈α
Company,␈α
New␈α∞York,␈α
New
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xYork,␈α⊗volumes␈α⊗7-,␈α⊗Halstead␈α⊗Press,␈α⊗New␈α⊗York,␈α⊗New␈α⊗York,␈α⊗annually
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓αReferences␈↓␈↓ 
n29


␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓x(since␈α⊃1967),␈α⊃x␈α⊃+␈α∩525␈α⊃pages␈α⊃(approximate),␈α⊃$30.00.␈α⊃Needless␈α∩to␈α⊃say,
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xdon't study every article.  (Collection of articles, each at least (SUM, )).

␈↓ ↓H␈↓Meltzer,␈αBernard,␈αand␈αBobrow,␈αDaniel,␈αeditors,␈α␈↓αArtificial␈αIntelligence:␈αAn
␈↓ ↓H␈↓α␈↓ ↓xInternational␈α8Journal␈↓,␈α8North-Holland␈α9Publishing␈α8Company,
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xAmsterdam,␈α∀The␈α∀Netherlands,␈α∀quarterly␈α∃(since␈α∀1970),␈α∀x␈α∀+␈α∃75␈α∀pages
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓x(approximate),␈α⊃Dfl.␈α⊃93␈α⊃per␈α⊃year.␈α⊃(Collection␈α⊃of␈α⊃articles,␈α⊃each␈α⊃at␈α⊃least
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓x(SUM, )).

␈↓ ↓H␈↓Michie,␈α∀Donald,␈α∀␈↓αOn␈α∀Machine␈α∃Intelligence␈↓,␈α∀John␈α∀Wiley␈α∀and␈α∃Sons,␈α∀New
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xYork, New York, l974, xii + 199 pages, (SURV, P)

␈↓ ↓H␈↓@Miller,␈α_G.,␈α→The␈α_magical␈α→number␈α_7,␈α_plus␈α→or␈α_minus␈α→2,␈α_␈↓αPsychological
␈↓ ↓H␈↓α␈↓ ↓xReview␈↓,␈α∂63,␈α∂1956,␈α∞81-97␈α∂(ESS,I:␈α∂memory␈α∂can␈α∞hold␈α∂a␈α∂fixed␈α∂number␈α∞of
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xchunks, regardless of their complexity)

␈↓ ↓H␈↓Minsky,␈α∩Marvin,␈α∩␈↓αComputation:␈α⊃Finite␈α∩and␈α∩Infinite␈α∩Machines␈↓␈α⊃Prentice
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xHall,␈α1968.␈α Not␈αin␈αAI␈αbut␈αyou␈αshould␈αknow␈αat␈αleast␈αthis␈αmuch␈α
anyway.
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓x(TEXT, I/D: Know at least this much about the theory of computation)

␈↓ ↓H␈↓@Minsky,␈αM.,␈α
A␈αFramework␈α
for␈αRepresenting␈α
Knowledge,␈αin␈α
P.H.␈αWinston
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓x(ed),␈α
␈↓αThe␈α∞Psychology␈α
of␈α
Computer␈α∞Vision␈↓,␈α
McGraw-Hill,␈α∞1975␈α
(SUM,
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xI:Frames)

␈↓ ↓H␈↓@Minsky,␈α∞M.␈α
[MMM]␈α∞Minds,␈α
Models,␈α∞and␈α
Machines;␈α∞found␈α
in␈α∞[Minsky␈α
SIP]
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓x(ESS, P: makes explicit many of the underlying notions of AI models)

␈↓ ↓H␈↓Minsky,␈α
Marvin,␈α
editor,␈α
[SIP]␈α
 ␈↓αSemantic␈α
Information␈α
Processing␈↓,␈α
The␈α
MIT
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xPress,␈α~Cambridge,␈α~Massachusetts,␈α≠1968,␈α~viii␈α~+␈α~440␈α≠pages,␈α~$15.00.
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓x(Collection of MIT natl. lang. dissertations, all at least (SUM/DR, ))

␈↓ ↓H␈↓@Minsky,␈α⊃Steps␈α⊂to␈α⊃AI,␈α⊃found␈α⊂in␈α⊃[C␈α⊃&␈α⊂T]␈α⊃(SURV,␈α⊃worth␈α⊂reading␈α⊃to␈α⊃get␈α⊂a
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xflavor of the ideas at that time)

␈↓ ↓H␈↓@Minsky,␈α→M.␈α_and␈α→Papert,␈α_S.(1972)␈α→[PROGRESS]␈α→Artificial␈α_Intelligence
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xProgress Report.  MIT Project MAC, AI Memo 252. (SURV, P)

␈↓ ↓H␈↓Minsky␈αand␈αPapert␈α ␈↓αPerceptrons␈↓,␈αMIT␈α1969.␈α A␈αsufficient␈αexpertise␈αcan␈αbe
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xgained␈α⊂from␈α∂the␈α⊂appropriate␈α⊂section␈α∂of␈α⊂[Hunt␈α⊂AI].␈α∂ In␈α⊂looking␈α⊂at␈α∂this
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xbook,␈α_try␈α_to␈α↔read␈α_through␈α_page␈α_25;␈α↔then␈α_look␈α_through␈α_the␈α↔rest;
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓αReferences␈↓␈↓ 
n30


␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xespecially␈α∂note␈α∂the␈α∂concluding␈α∞remarks,␈α∂pp.␈α∂227-246.␈α∂ (DR,␈α∞I:applying
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xrigourous␈α⊗mathematics␈α⊗to␈α↔what␈α⊗AI-systems␈α⊗of␈α⊗different␈α↔types␈α⊗can
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xtheoretically achieve)

␈↓ ↓H␈↓Mitchell,␈α∞T.M.,␈α∞Version␈α∞Spaces:␈α∂A␈α∞Candidate␈α∞Elimination␈α∞Approach␈α∂to␈α∞Rule
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xLearning, ␈↓αProc IJCAI5␈↓, 1977, 305-310 (DR,I: the title)

␈↓ ↓H␈↓Moore,␈α∩Jim␈α∩and␈α∪Allen␈α∩Newell,␈α∩How␈α∪can␈α∩MERLIN␈α∩understand?,␈α∪in␈α∩Gregg
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓x(ed.)␈α_␈↓αKnowledge␈α_and␈α_Cognition,␈↓␈α_ New␈α_Jersey:␈α_Lawrence␈α↔Erlbaum
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xAssociates,␈α⊃1973.␈α⊃ (SUM,␈α⊃I:Beta␈α⊃structures;␈α⊃criteria␈α∩for␈α⊃understanding
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xsystems)

␈↓ ↓H␈↓Moore,␈α≥Robert␈α≥Carter,␈α≥Reasoning␈α≥from␈α≥Incomplete␈α≥Knowledge␈α≥in␈α≥a
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xProcedural␈α∃Deduction␈α⊗System,␈α∃TR␈α∃347,␈α⊗MIT␈α∃AI␈α∃Lab,␈α⊗December␈α∃1975
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓x(DR,I)

␈↓ ↓H␈↓Moore,␈α→Robert␈α→Carter,␈α→Reasoning␈α_about␈α→Knowledge␈α→and␈α→Action,␈α_␈↓αProc
␈↓ ↓H␈↓α␈↓ ↓xIJCAI5␈↓, 1977, 223-227 (SUM,I)

␈↓ ↓H␈↓Moorer,␈α~James␈α→A.,␈α~"Music␈α→and␈α~Computer␈α→Composition",␈α~␈↓αComm.␈α→ACM␈↓,
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xJanuary 1972.  (SURV)

␈↓ ↓H␈↓Moravec,H.P.,␈α≤"Towards␈α≥Automatic␈α≤Visual␈α≤Obstacle␈α≥Avoidance"␈α≤␈↓αProc.
␈↓ ↓H␈↓α␈↓ ↓xIJCAI5␈↓, 1977, 584. (SUM)

␈↓ ↓H␈↓Mujtaba,␈α⊂S.,␈α⊂and␈α⊂R.␈α⊂Goldman.␈α⊂"AL␈α⊂User's␈α⊂Manual";␈α⊂Stanford␈α⊂AI␈α⊂Lab␈α⊂Memo,
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓x1979. (SUM, P)

␈↓ ↓H␈↓Nash-Webber,␈α
Bonnie␈α
L.,␈α
and␈α
Schank,␈α
Roger␈α
C.␈α
(eds.),␈α
␈↓αTheoretical␈α
Issues␈α
in
␈↓ ↓H␈↓α␈↓ ↓xNatural␈α⊗Language␈α↔Processing,␈α⊗an␈α⊗interdisciplinary␈α↔workshop␈α⊗in
␈↓ ↓H␈↓α␈↓ ↓xcomputational␈α∃linguistics,␈α⊗psychology,␈α∃linguistics,␈α⊗and␈α∃artificial
␈↓ ↓H␈↓α␈↓ ↓xintelligence␈↓,␈α
MIT,␈αJune␈α
1975.␈αPreprints␈α
distributed␈αby␈α
the␈αAssociation
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xfor Computational Linguistics. (a collection of papers, mostly SUM)

␈↓ ↓H␈↓@Nevatia,R.␈α_and␈α→T.O.Binford;␈α_"Description␈α→and␈α_Recognition␈α→of␈α_Curved
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xObjects"; ␈↓αArtificial Intelligence␈↓, 8, p 77, Feb 1977; (DR)

␈↓ ↓H␈↓Newborn,␈α
M.,␈α
␈↓αComputer␈α
Chess␈↓,␈α
Academic␈α
Press,␈α
Inc.,␈α
New␈α
York,␈α
New␈α
York,
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓x1975, 200 pages, $15.00.   If you're interested.  (SURV)
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓αReferences␈↓␈↓ 
n31


␈↓ ↓H␈↓@Newell,␈α
A.␈α(1969)␈α
[ILL]␈αHeuristic␈α
Programming:␈αIll-Structured␈α
Problems,
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xin␈α
(ed.␈α
Aronofsky,␈αA.)␈α
␈↓αProgress␈α
in␈αOperations␈α
Research␈α
III␈↓,␈αJohn␈α
Wiley
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xand Sons. (ESS, P)

␈↓ ↓H␈↓Newell,␈α→A.␈α→(1965)␈α→Limitations␈α→of␈α_The␈α→Current␈α→Stock␈α→of␈α→Ideas␈α_about
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xProblem:Solving.␈α$ ␈↓αProceedings␈α#of␈α$a␈α#Conference␈α$on␈α#Electronic
␈↓ ↓H␈↓α␈↓ ↓xInformation␈α⊗Handling␈↓,␈α⊗pp.␈α⊗195-208.␈α⊗(eds␈α⊗Kent␈α⊗and␈α⊗Taulbee)␈α⊗New
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xYork: Spartan. (ESS, interesting reading)

␈↓ ↓H␈↓@Newell␈α
(1973)␈α
Production␈α
Systems:␈α
Models␈α
of␈α
Control␈α
Structures,␈α
in␈α
W.G.
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xChase,␈α≥ed.,␈α≡␈↓αVisual␈α≥Information␈α≡Processing␈↓,␈α≥NY:␈α≡Academic␈α≥Press.
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xChapter 10, pp. 463-526. (DR/SUM, I:title of paper!)

␈↓ ↓H␈↓Newell,␈αA.␈α(1970)␈αRemarks␈αon␈αThe␈αRelationship␈αBetween␈αAI␈αand␈αCognitive
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xPsychology,␈α∂in␈α∂(Banerji␈α∂and␈α∂Mesarovic,␈α∂eds.)␈α⊂␈↓αTheoretical␈α∂Approaches
␈↓ ↓H␈↓α␈↓ ↓xto␈α Non-Numerical␈α Problem␈α Solving␈↓,␈α pp␈α 363-400.␈α  New␈α York:
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xSpringer-Verlag Pub. (ESS, P)

␈↓ ↓H␈↓Newell,␈α_A.,␈α_Barnett,␈α_Jeffrey,␈α↔Forgie,␈α_James␈α_W.,␈α_Green,␈α_Cordell,␈α↔Klatt,
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xDennis,␈α↔Licklider,␈α↔J.C.R.,␈α⊗Munson,␈α↔John,␈α↔Reddy,␈α⊗D.␈α↔Raj,␈α↔and␈α⊗Woods,
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xWilliam␈α∂A.,␈α∂[SPEECH]␈α∂ ␈↓αSpeech␈α∂Understanding␈α∂Systems:␈α∂Final␈α∂Report
␈↓ ↓H␈↓α␈↓ ↓xof␈α
a␈αStudy␈α
Group␈↓,␈αAmerican␈α
Elsevier␈αPublishing␈α
Company,␈α
New␈αYork,
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xNew␈α∂York,␈α∞1973,␈α∂xiv␈α∂+␈α∞137␈α∂pages,␈α∂$6.75.␈α∞ Read␈α∂especially:␈α∂Chaps.␈α∞1,4;
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xAppendix␈αA2.␈α (SURV,␈αI:Evaluating␈αresearch␈αgoals␈αand␈αguiding␈αresearch
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xtoward them)

␈↓ ↓H␈↓@Newell,␈α∂Shaw,␈α∞and␈α∂Simon,␈α∂GPS:␈α∞for␈α∂this,␈α∂see␈α∞their␈α∂article␈α∂in␈α∞␈↓αComputers
␈↓ ↓H␈↓α␈↓ ↓xand␈α⊃Thought␈↓␈α⊃(Feigenbaum␈α⊃and␈α⊂Feldman,␈α⊃eds).␈α⊃Rating␈α⊃is␈α⊃(SUM,␈α⊂I:info
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xproc.␈α∩psych␈α⊃approach)␈α∩Also␈α∩see␈α⊃the␈α∩relevant␈α⊃chapter␈α∩in␈α∩[Newell␈α⊃and
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xSimon,␈α∞HPS.]␈α
For␈α∞many,␈α∞detailed,␈α
specialized␈α∞applications␈α∞and␈α
analyses,
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xsee [Ernst GPS].

␈↓ ↓H␈↓@Newell,␈α∃A.,␈α∀and␈α∃Simon,␈α∀Herbert␈α∃A.,␈α∀[HPS]␈α∃ ␈↓αHuman␈α∃Problem␈α∀Solving␈↓,
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xPrentice-Hall,␈α⊂Englewood␈α⊃Cliffs,␈α⊂New␈α⊂Jersey,␈α⊃1972,␈α⊂xvi␈α⊂+␈α⊃920␈α⊂pages.
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xRead␈α
the␈α∞first␈α
and␈α∞last␈α
chapters,␈α
look␈α∞over␈α
Chaps.␈α∞3,4,8.␈α
(DR/ESS/SUM,
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xD:know what LT was, what a PBG is, production systems)

␈↓ ↓H␈↓@Nilsson,␈α⊂N.␈α∂J.␈α⊂(1974)␈α∂[OVERVIEW]␈α⊂Artificial␈α∂Intelligence,␈α⊂SRI␈α∂Technical
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xNote␈α⊂89␈α∂(March,␈α⊂1974),␈α∂and␈α⊂also␈α∂␈↓αInformation␈α⊂Processing␈α⊂74␈↓,␈α∂North-
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xHolland: Amsterdam, 1975 (SURV)
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓αReferences␈↓␈↓ 
n32


␈↓ ↓H␈↓@Nilsson,␈α&Nils␈α&J.,␈α%[AI]␈α& ␈↓αProblem-solving␈α&Methods␈α&in␈α%Artificial
␈↓ ↓H␈↓α␈↓ ↓xIntelligence␈↓,␈αMcGraw-Hill␈αBook␈αCompany,␈αNew␈αYork,␈αNew␈αYork,␈α1971
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓x(TEXT,␈α∂but␈α∞I/D:Good␈α∂presentation␈α∞of␈α∂resolution,␈α∂searching,␈α∞alpha-beta,
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xetc.)

␈↓ ↓H␈↓Norman,␈αDonald,␈αD.␈αRumelhart,␈αand␈αthe␈αLNR␈αResearch␈αGroup,␈α␈↓αExplorations
␈↓ ↓H␈↓α␈↓ ↓xin␈α∪Cognition,␈↓␈α∪Freeman,␈α∪1975.␈α∪ (SUM,␈α∪P:␈α∪a␈α∪collection␈α∪of␈α∪papers␈α∪done
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xfrom Norman's Psychology/AI viewpoint)

␈↓ ↓H␈↓Papert,␈α∩Seymour,␈α∩DREYFUS:␈α∩reply.␈α∩Unpublished␈α∩AI␈α∩memo:␈α∩will␈α∩be␈α∩made
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xavailable. <?> (ESS,)

␈↓ ↓H␈↓Park,␈α
W.T.;␈α"Minicomputer␈α
Software␈α
Organization␈αfor␈α
Control␈αof␈α
Industrial
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xRobots";␈α⊃␈↓αProc␈α⊃Int␈α⊃Jt␈α⊃Auto␈α⊃Control␈α⊃Conf␈↓,␈α⊃San␈α⊃Francisco,␈α⊃1977,␈α⊃p164,
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xTA21. (A survey of existing systems) (ESS, P)

␈↓ ↓H␈↓Pettigrew,J.D.;␈α_"The␈α_Neurophysiology␈α_of␈α_Binocular␈α→Vision"␈α_␈↓αScientific
␈↓ ↓H␈↓α␈↓ ↓xAmerican␈↓, August 1972. (SUM)

␈↓ ↓H␈↓Polya,␈α
G.␈α∞Three␈α
books␈α∞are␈α
listed␈α
here;␈α∞you␈α
should␈α∞be␈α
acquainted␈α∞with␈α
the
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xkinds␈αof␈αprinciples␈αPolya␈αtries␈αto␈αimpress,␈αhis␈αstudies␈αof␈αheuristics.␈αIt␈αis
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xnot␈αnecessary␈αto␈αstudy␈αthe␈αdetailed␈αcontents␈αof␈αthese␈αbooks.␈α         ␈↓αHow
␈↓ ↓H␈↓α␈↓ ↓xto␈α~Solve␈α~It,␈↓␈α~Doubleday␈α~Anchor␈α~Books,␈α~1945.␈α~        ␈↓αInduction␈α→and
␈↓ ↓H␈↓α␈↓ ↓xAnalogy␈α∂in␈α∂Mathematics,␈↓␈α⊂Princeton␈α∂U.␈α∂Press,␈α∂1954.␈α⊂        ␈↓αPatterns␈α∂of
␈↓ ↓H␈↓α␈↓ ↓xPlausible␈α∪Inference␈↓,␈α∪Princeton␈α∪U.␈α∪Press,␈α∪1968.␈α∪(DR,␈α∪I:heuristics␈α∪and
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xhow to use them)

␈↓ ↓H␈↓Pople,␈αH.,␈αMeyers,␈αJ.,␈αand␈αMiller,␈α
R.,␈αDIALOG,␈αa␈αmodel␈αof␈αdiagnostic␈αlogic␈α
for
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xinternal medicine, ␈↓αProc. IJCAI4␈↓, 1975, 848-855. (SUM)

␈↓ ↓H␈↓Quillian,␈α
M.␈α
Ross,␈α∞Semantic␈α
Memory:␈α
in␈α∞[Minsky␈α
SIP].␈α
Mentioned␈α∞in␈α
many
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xlater␈α≥Natural␈α≡Language␈α≥works.␈α≥ (DR,I:␈α≡network␈α≥flow␈α≡model␈α≥for
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xconceptual linking)

␈↓ ↓H␈↓Raphael,␈αBertram,␈α␈↓αThe␈αChallenge␈αof␈αSmarter␈αComputers␈↓,␈αto␈αbe␈αpublished.
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xDraft available.  (ESS, )  <is this ␈↓αThe Thinking Computer␈↓?>

␈↓ ↓H␈↓[IEEE]␈α≤Reddy,␈α≥D.␈α≤Raj,␈α≤editor,␈α≥␈↓αSpeech␈α≤Recognition:␈α≥Invited␈α≤Papers
␈↓ ↓H␈↓α␈↓ ↓xPresented␈α⊂at␈α⊂the␈α⊂1974␈α⊂IEEE␈α⊂Symposium␈↓,␈α⊂Academic␈α⊂Press,␈α⊃Inc.,␈α⊂New
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xYork,␈α
New␈α
York,␈α1975.␈α
(Collection␈α
of␈α
recent␈αarticles,␈α
all␈α
at␈α
least␈α(SUM,
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓x))
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓αReferences␈↓␈↓ 
n33


␈↓ ↓H␈↓Reddy,␈α∞D.Raj,␈α∞and␈α∞Lee␈α∞Erman,␈α∞Tutorial␈α∞on␈α∞system␈α∞organization␈α∞for␈α∞speech
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xunderstanding,␈αin␈αD.R.Reddy␈↓α␈αSpeech␈αRecognition␈↓,␈αNew␈αYork:␈αAcademic
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xPress, 1975, 457-480. (SUM)

␈↓ ↓H␈↓Reiter,␈αRaymond,␈α
On␈αreasoning␈α
by␈αdefault,␈α
␈↓αTheoretical␈αIssues␈α
in␈αNatural
␈↓ ↓H␈↓α␈↓ ↓xLanguage␈α∪Processing-2␈↓,␈α∪Urbana,␈α∪Illinois:␈α∪Association␈α∀for␈α∪Computing
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xMachinery, 1978, 210-218. (SURV,I: non-monotonic logic)

␈↓ ↓H␈↓Rieger,␈αCharles␈αJ.,␈αIII,␈α
An␈αOrganization␈αof␈αKnowledge␈α
for␈αProblem-solving
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xand␈αLanguage␈αComprehension,␈α␈↓αArtificial␈αIntelligence␈↓,␈α7,␈α1976,␈α89-128
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓x(SUM,I)

␈↓ ↓H␈↓@Rieger,␈αC.,␈αConceptual␈αmemory␈αand␈αinference,␈αin␈αR.C.␈αSchank,␈α␈↓αConceptual
␈↓ ↓H␈↓α␈↓ ↓xInformation␈α⊃Processing␈↓,␈α⊃Amsterdam:␈α⊃North␈α⊃Holland,␈α∩1975,␈α⊃157-288.
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓x(DR,I:␈α#uncontrolled␈α#forward␈α#inferencing␈α#is␈α#necessary␈α#in␈α"some
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xsituations)

␈↓ ↓H␈↓Riesbeck,␈αC.,␈αConceptual␈αAnalysis,␈αin␈α␈↓αConceptual␈αInformation␈αProcessing␈↓,
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xR.␈α∨Schank␈α∨(ed),␈α∨North-Holland,␈α∨Amsterdam,␈α∨1975␈α∨(DR,I:␈α∨use␈α≡of
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xpredictions in parsing)

␈↓ ↓H␈↓Rovner,␈α∪Paul␈α∀D.,␈α∪␈↓αAutomatic␈α∀Representation␈α∪Selection␈α∀for␈α∪Associative
␈↓ ↓H␈↓α␈↓ ↓xData␈α$Structures␈↓,␈α$Ph.D.␈α#thesis,␈α$Harvard␈α$University,␈α#Cambridge,
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xMassachusetts,␈α~TR10,␈α→Computer␈α~Science␈α→Department,␈α~University␈α→of
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xRochester, Rochester, New York, September 1976.

␈↓ ↓H␈↓Rubin,␈α⊃S.;␈α⊃"The␈α⊃ARGOS␈α⊃Image␈α⊃Understanding␈α⊃System";␈α⊃Dept␈α⊃of␈α⊃Comp␈α⊃Sci,
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xCarnegie-Mellon␈α_Univ,␈α↔Nov␈α_1978,␈α↔Ph.D.thesis␈α_(DR),␈α↔or␈α_␈↓αProc␈α↔ARPA
␈↓ ↓H␈↓α␈↓ ↓xImage␈α∪Understanding␈α∪Workshop␈↓,␈α∪Carnegie-Mellon,␈α∪Nov␈α∪1978,␈α∩159-
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓x162. (SUM)

␈↓ ↓H␈↓Rumelhart,␈α
D.,␈α
P.␈α
Lindsay,␈α
and␈αD.␈α
Norman,␈α
A␈α
Process␈α
Model␈α
for␈αLong-term
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xMemory,␈α≥in␈α≥␈↓αThe␈α≤Organization␈α≥of␈α≥Memory␈↓,␈α≤E.␈α≥Tulving␈α≥and␈α≤W.
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xDonaldson (ed), N.Y., Academic Press, 1972 (SUM,P)

␈↓ ↓H␈↓Rustin,␈αR.,␈αeditor,␈α␈↓αNatural␈αLanguage␈αProcessing␈↓,␈αAlgorithmics␈αPress,␈α
New
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xYork, New York, 1973.  (Collection of articles, all at least (SUM, ))

␈↓ ↓H␈↓Ruth,␈α∂Gregory␈α∂R.,␈α∂"PROTOSYSTEM␈α∂I:␈α∂ An␈α∂Automatic␈α⊂Programming␈α∂System
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xPrototype",␈α∃in␈α∃Ghosh,␈α∃Sakti␈α∃P.,␈α∃and␈α∃Liu,␈α∃Leonard␈α∃Y.,␈α∃editors,␈α∃␈↓αAFIPS
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓αReferences␈↓␈↓ 
n34


␈↓ ↓H␈↓α␈↓ ↓xConference␈α≥Proceedings:␈α≥ 1978␈α≥National␈α≥Computer␈α≤Conference␈↓,
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xVolume␈α47,␈αAFIPS␈α
Press,␈αMontvale,␈αNew␈α
Jersey,␈αJune␈α1978,␈α
pages␈α675-
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓x681.

␈↓ ↓H␈↓@Rychener,␈α
M.,␈αControl␈α
Requirements␈αfor␈α
the␈αDesign␈α
of␈αProduction␈α
System
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xArchtectures, ␈↓αProc. ACM Symposium AI & PL␈↓, 1977, 37-44 (SUM)

␈↓ ↓H␈↓@Sacerdoti,␈α⊂Planning␈α⊂in␈α∂a␈α⊂Hierarchy␈α⊂of␈α∂Abstraction␈α⊂Spaces,␈α⊂␈↓αProc␈α∂IJCAI3␈↓,
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓x1973,␈α↔412-422␈α↔(SUM,␈α↔I:planning␈α⊗is␈α↔just␈α↔searching␈α↔a␈α↔sparser,␈α⊗more
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xabstract space)

␈↓ ↓H␈↓@Sacerdoti,␈αE.,␈αThe␈α
Nonlinear␈αNature␈αof␈α
Plans,␈α␈↓αProc␈αIJCAI4␈↓,␈α1975,␈α
206-214
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓x(DR,I: the title)

␈↓ ↓H␈↓@[S&C]␈α∃Schank,␈α⊗R.␈α∃and␈α⊗Colby,␈α∃K.␈α∃␈↓αComputer␈α⊗Models␈α∃of␈α⊗Thought␈α∃and
␈↓ ↓H␈↓α␈↓ ↓xLanguage.␈↓␈α⊂ San␈α⊃Francisco:␈α⊂Freeman,␈α⊃1973␈α⊂(Collection;␈α⊃Note␈α⊂especially
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xchapters 1,4,5,6)

␈↓ ↓H␈↓@Schank,␈α≥Roger,␈α≤Neil␈α≥Goldman,␈α≥Charles␈α≤Rieger,␈α≥and␈α≥Chris␈α≤Riesbeck,
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xMARGIE:␈α⊗Memory,␈α↔Analysis,␈α⊗Response␈α↔Generation,␈α⊗and␈α↔Inference␈α⊗on
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xEnglish,␈α⊂␈↓α3IJCAI␈↓,␈α⊃1973,␈α⊂pp.␈α⊂255-261.␈α⊃ (SUM,␈α⊂I:␈α⊃conceptual␈α⊂dependency
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xfor system integration)

␈↓ ↓H␈↓Schank,␈αRoger,␈αand␈αthe␈αYale␈αAI␈αProject,␈αSAM␈α--␈αA␈αstory␈αunderstander,␈αYale
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xUniversity␈α_Computer␈α_Science␈α→Research␈α_Report␈α_#43,␈α→August,␈α_1975.
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓x(SUM)

␈↓ ↓H␈↓@Schank,␈αRoger,␈αand␈αRobert␈αAbelson.␈αScripts,␈αPlans,␈αand␈αKnowledge,␈α␈↓αProc.
␈↓ ↓H␈↓α␈↓ ↓xIJCAI4␈↓, 1975, 151-157 (SUM, I: scripts (frames, schemata))

␈↓ ↓H␈↓Schank,␈αCollins,␈αand␈α
Charniak,␈αeds.,␈α␈↓αCognitive␈αScience␈↓,␈α
journal,␈αpublished
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xquarterly since 1977 by Ablex Publishing Co, New Jersey

␈↓ ↓H␈↓Schatz,␈α⊃B.;␈α⊃"The␈α⊃Computation␈α⊃of␈α⊃Immediate␈α⊃Texture␈α⊃Discrimination"␈α⊂MIT
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xArtificial Intelligence Laboratory, AI Memo 426, August 1977. (DR)

␈↓ ↓H␈↓Schmidt,␈α⊃C.F.,␈α⊃and␈α⊂N.S.␈α⊃Sridharan,␈α⊃Plan␈α⊂Recognition␈α⊃Using␈α⊃a␈α⊂Hypothesize
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xand Revise Paradigm: An Example, ␈↓αProc IJCAI5␈↓, 1977, 480-486 (SUM,I)

␈↓ ↓H␈↓Schubert,␈α∃L.,␈α∀Extending␈α∃the␈α∃Expressive␈α∀Power␈α∃of␈α∃Semantic␈α∀Networks,
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓αReferences␈↓␈↓ 
n35


␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓x␈↓αProc␈α∩IJCAI4␈↓,␈α∩1975,␈α∩158-164␈α⊃(DR,I:␈α∩how␈α∩to␈α∩represent␈α⊃quantification,
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xetc, in semantic nets)

␈↓ ↓H␈↓Schwartz,␈α∂Jacob␈α∞T.,␈α∂␈↓αOn␈α∞Programming:␈α∂ An␈α∞Interim␈α∂Report␈α∞on␈α∂the␈α∞SETL
␈↓ ↓H␈↓α␈↓ ↓xProject␈↓,␈α∩revised,␈α∩Computer␈α∩Science␈α∩Department,␈α∩Courant␈α∩Institute␈α∩of
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xMathematical␈α∩Sciences,␈α∩New␈α∩York␈α∩University,␈α∩New␈α∩York,␈α∩New␈α∩York,
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xJune 1975.

␈↓ ↓H␈↓Shirai,␈α
Y.,␈α∞Analyzing␈α
Intensity␈α∞Arrays␈α
Using␈α∞Knowledge␈α
About␈α∞Scenes,␈α
in
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xP.H.␈αWinston␈α
(ed),␈α␈↓αThe␈αPsychology␈α
of␈αComputer␈αVision␈↓,␈α
McGraw-Hill,
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓x1975. (SUM)

␈↓ ↓H␈↓Shortliffe,␈α_Edward,␈α_␈↓αMYCIN:␈α_Computer-Based␈α_Medical␈α_Consultations␈↓,
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xNew York: American Elsevier, 1976. (DR,I: automated diagnosis)

␈↓ ↓H␈↓@Shortliffe,␈α∂Davis,␈α⊂Axline,␈α∂Buchanan,␈α⊂Green,␈α∂and␈α⊂Cohen,␈α∂Computer-based
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xConsultations␈α)in␈α)Clinical␈α)Therapeutics:␈α)Explanation␈α)and␈α)Rule
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xAcquisition␈α⊃Capabilities␈α⊃of␈α⊂the␈α⊃MYCIN␈α⊃System,␈α⊂preprint␈α⊃for␈α⊃article␈α⊂in
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xVolume␈α∃8␈α∀of␈α∃the␈α∀␈↓αJournal␈α∃for␈α∀Computers␈α∃in␈α∃Biomedical␈α∀Research␈↓,
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xJune,␈α∨1975.␈α≡ (SUM,␈α∨I:Medical␈α≡application␈α∨of␈α∨production␈α≡systems;
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xcommunication with experts)

␈↓ ↓H␈↓Shrobe,␈α∃Howard,␈α∃Richard␈α∃Waters,␈α∃and␈α∃Gerald␈α∃Sussman,␈α∃A␈α∃Hypothetical
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xMonologue␈α⊂Illustrating␈α⊂the␈α∂Knowledge␈α⊂Underlying␈α⊂Program␈α∂Analysis,
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xMIT LCS Memo 506, January 1979.

␈↓ ↓H␈↓Simmons,␈α↔R.␈α↔(1965)␈α↔Answering␈α_English␈α↔Questions␈α↔by␈α↔a␈α_Computer:␈α↔A
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xSurvey,␈α␈↓αCACM␈↓␈α8,␈α1;␈αJanuary,␈α1965,␈αpp.␈α53-70.␈α(SURV,␈αgives␈αreasonable
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xpicture of state of art at that time)

␈↓ ↓H␈↓Simmons,␈α
R.␈α
(1970)␈α
Natural␈α
Language␈αQA␈α
Systems.␈α
␈↓αCACM␈↓␈α
13,␈α
1;␈αJan.,␈α
1970,
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xpp. 15-30. (SURV, gives reasonable picture of state of art at that time)

␈↓ ↓H␈↓Simmons,␈α≥R.F.,␈α≤Semantic␈α≥networks:␈α≤Their␈α≥computation␈α≤and␈α≥use␈α≤for
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xunderstanding␈α∃English␈α∃sentences,␈α⊗In␈α∃R.␈α∃C.␈α⊗Schank␈α∃and␈α∃K.␈α⊗M.␈α∃Colby
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓x(Eds.),␈α∪␈↓αComputer␈α∪models␈α∀of␈α∪thought␈α∪and␈α∪language␈↓,␈α∀San␈α∪Francisco:
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xFreeman, 1973.  (SUM)

␈↓ ↓H␈↓Simon,␈α⊃Herbert␈α∩A.,␈α⊃How␈α⊃Big␈α∩is␈α⊃a␈α⊃Chunk?,␈α∩␈↓αScience␈↓,␈α⊃1974,␈α∩183,␈α⊃482-488
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓x(ESS)
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓αReferences␈↓␈↓ 
n36


␈↓ ↓H␈↓Simon,␈α⊂Herbert␈α⊃A.,␈α⊂On␈α⊃Reasoning␈α⊂About␈α⊃Actions,␈α⊂in␈α⊃␈↓αRepresentation␈α⊂and
␈↓ ↓H␈↓α␈↓ ↓xMeaning␈↓,␈α∀Simon␈α∀&␈α∀Siklossy␈α∀(eds),␈α∀New␈α∀Jersey,␈α∃Prentice-Hall,␈α∀1972
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓x(SUM,P)

␈↓ ↓H␈↓@Simon,␈α⊃H␈α⊃(1973)␈α⊃Lessons␈α⊃from␈α⊃Perception␈α⊃for␈α∩Chess-Playing␈α⊃Programs
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓x(and␈α
vice␈α
versa),␈α
CMU␈α
Computer␈α
Science␈α
Research␈α
Review␈α
1972-1973,
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xpp.35-40. (ESS I)

␈↓ ↓H␈↓Simon,␈α∀Herbert␈α∀A.,␈α∀and␈α∀Siklossy,␈α∀Laurent,␈α∀editors,␈α∀␈↓αRepresentation␈α∀and
␈↓ ↓H␈↓α␈↓ ↓xMeaning:␈α Experiments␈α∨with␈α Information␈α Processing␈α∨Systems␈↓,
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xPrentice-Hall,␈α∩Englewood␈α∩Cliffs,␈α⊃New␈α∩Jersey,␈α∩1972,␈α⊃xx␈α∩+␈α∩440␈α⊃pages,
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓x(collection of CMU dissertations each (SUM or DR))

␈↓ ↓H␈↓Slagle,␈α
J.␈α
R.␈α
(1971)␈α
␈↓αArtificial␈α
Intelligence:␈α
The␈α
Heuristic␈α
Programming
␈↓ ↓H␈↓α␈↓ ↓xApproach␈↓.  New York: McGraw Hill.  Elementary.  (TEXT, )

␈↓ ↓H␈↓@Sloman,␈α∩Aaron␈α∩(1971)␈α∩Interactions␈α∩Between␈α∩Philosophy␈α∩and␈α⊃Artificial
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xIntelligence:␈α~The␈α~Role␈α~of␈α→Intuition␈α~and␈α~Non-Logical␈α~Reasoning␈α→in
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xIntelligence,␈α
␈↓αJournal␈α
of␈α
AI␈↓,␈α2,␈α
1971,␈α
pp.␈α
209-225.␈α
 Provocative.␈α (ESS,␈α
P
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xlooking for philosophical implications of AI work)

␈↓ ↓H␈↓Sloman,␈α∀Aaron,␈α∪␈↓αThe␈α∀Computer␈α∪Revolution␈α∀in␈α∀Philosophy,␈↓␈α∪Humanities
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xPress, 1979.

␈↓ ↓H␈↓Smith,␈αBrian␈αC.,␈αLevels,␈αLayers,␈αand␈αPlanes:␈αThe␈αFramework␈αof␈αa␈αSystem␈αof
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xKnowledge␈α≥Representation␈α≤Semantics,␈α≥unpublished␈α≥Masters␈α≤thesis,
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xDept.␈αof␈α
E.E.␈α&␈α
C.S.,␈αM.I.T.,␈α
1978.␈α(DR,I:␈α
new␈αdirections␈αin␈α
representation
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xand meaning)

␈↓ ↓H␈↓@Smith,␈α⊃R.G.,␈α⊃T.M.Mitchell,␈α⊃R.A.␈α⊃Chestek,␈α⊃and␈α⊃B.G.Buchanan,␈α⊃A␈α⊃Model␈α⊂for
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xLearning Systems, ␈↓αProc IJCAI5␈↓, 1977, 338-343 (SURV, P)

␈↓ ↓H␈↓Soloway,␈α
Elliot␈α
M.␈α
and␈α
Edward␈αM.␈α
Riseman,␈α
Levels␈α
of␈α
Pattern␈αDescription
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xin Learning, ␈↓αProc IJCAI5␈↓, 1977, 801-811 (DR,I)

␈↓ ↓H␈↓Sussman,␈α↔Gerald,␈α↔␈↓αA␈α↔Computer␈α↔Model␈α↔of␈α↔Skill␈α↔Acquisition␈↓,␈α↔American
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xElsevier␈α≠Publishing␈α≠Company,␈α≠New␈α≠York,␈α≠New␈α≠York,␈α≠1975,.␈α≠ See
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xwriteup in [Winston 1974] (DR,I:learning as debugging)

␈↓ ↓H␈↓Sussman,␈α∂G.,␈α∞and␈α∂D.V.McDermott,␈α∞From␈α∂Planning␈α∞to␈α∂Conniving:␈α∂A␈α∞Genetic
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓αReferences␈↓␈↓ 
n37


␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xApproach,␈α
␈↓αProc␈α∞ACM␈α
FJCC␈↓,␈α∞1972␈α
(SUM,␈α∞I:where␈α
Planner␈α∞went␈α
wrong,
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xand Conniver (we hope) doesn't)

␈↓ ↓H␈↓Szolovits,␈α∞P.,␈α∞L.B.␈α∞Hawkinson,␈α∞and␈α∞W.A.␈α∞Martin,␈α∞An␈α∞Overview␈α∞of␈α∞OWL,␈α
an
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xlanguage for knowledge representation, M.I.T. LCS-TM-86, 1977. (SUM)

␈↓ ↓H␈↓Thomas,A.J.␈α
and␈α
T.␈α
O.␈α
Binford;␈α
"Information␈α
Processing␈α
Analysis␈α∞of␈α
Visual
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xPerception:␈α
A␈α
Review";␈α
Stanford␈α
AI␈α
Lab␈α
Memo␈α
AIM-227,␈α
CS-408,␈α
1974.
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓x(SURV, ESS)

␈↓ ↓H␈↓@Turing:␈α
TEST,␈α
found␈α
in␈α
[C&T].␈α
Parodied␈α
in␈α
[Anderson␈α
ESSAYS].␈α∞ (ESS,␈α
I:a
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xyardstick that has weathered many a storm)

␈↓ ↓H␈↓Uhr,␈α
Leonard,␈α
␈↓αPattern␈αRecognition,␈α
Learning,␈α
and␈α
Thought:␈αComputer-
␈↓ ↓H␈↓α␈↓ ↓xprogrammed␈α≠Models␈α≠of␈α≠Higher␈α≠Mental␈α≠Processes␈↓,␈α~Prentice-Hall,
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xEnglewood␈α∩Cliffs,␈α∩New␈α∪Jersey,␈α∩1973,␈α∩?␈α∪+␈α∩506␈α∩pages,␈α∪$13.95.␈α∩  Much
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xmore depth than will be expected.  (DR, )

␈↓ ↓H␈↓Vere,␈α⊃Steven␈α⊃A.,␈α⊂Induction␈α⊃of␈α⊃Relational␈α⊂Productions␈α⊃in␈α⊃the␈α⊃Presence␈α⊂of
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xBackground Information, ␈↓αProc. IJCAI5␈↓, 1977, 349-355 (DR,I)

␈↓ ↓H␈↓@Walker,␈α∞Donald␈α∞E.,␈α∞William␈α∞H.␈α∞Paxton,␈α∞et␈α∞al.,␈α∞Procedures␈α∞for␈α
Integrating
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xKnowledge␈αin␈α
a␈αSpeech␈αUnderstanding␈α
System,␈α␈↓αProc␈αIJCAI5␈↓,␈α
1977,␈α36-
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓x42 (SUM,I)

␈↓ ↓H␈↓Waltz,␈α∪D.␈α∪Machine␈α∩vision,␈α∪understanding␈α∪line␈α∩drawings␈α∪of␈α∪scenes␈α∩with
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xshadows.␈α∩In␈α∩P.␈α∩Winston␈α∩(Ed.)␈α∩␈↓αThe␈α∩psychology␈α∩of␈α∩computer␈α⊃vision␈↓.
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xNew York: McGraw-Hill, 1975. (DR,I: filtering algorithm)

␈↓ ↓H␈↓Waltz,␈α⊂David␈α⊂(ed.),␈α⊂␈↓αTINLAP-2:␈α⊂Theoretical␈α⊂Issues␈α⊂in␈α⊃Natural␈α⊂Language
␈↓ ↓H␈↓α␈↓ ↓xProcessing,␈α$an␈α$interdisciplinary␈α$workshop␈α%in␈α$computational
␈↓ ↓H␈↓α␈↓ ↓xlinguistics,␈α≤psychology,␈α≤linguistics,␈α≤and␈α≥artificial␈α≤intelligence␈↓,
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xUniversity of Illinois, June 1977.  (a collection of papers, mostly SUM)

␈↓ ↓H␈↓Waterman,␈α∂D.,␈α∂and␈α∂F.␈α∂Hayes-Roth,␈α∂␈↓αPattern-Directed␈α⊂Inference␈α∂Systems␈↓,
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xNew␈α∂York,␈α∂Academic␈α∂Press,␈α∂1978␈α∂(a␈α∂collection␈α∂of␈α∂papers,␈α∂mostly␈α∞SUM;
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xgood coverage of state-of-the-art work in production systems)

␈↓ ↓H␈↓Weiner,␈α
N.␈α
 ␈↓αThe␈αHuman␈α
uses␈α
of␈αHuman␈α
Beings:␈α
Cybernetics␈αand␈α
Society␈↓,
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xAnchor 1954. (ESS, P)
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓αReferences␈↓␈↓ 
n38


␈↓ ↓H␈↓@Weizenbaum,␈α↔J.,␈α↔ELIZA,␈α_␈↓αCACM␈↓␈α↔1966,␈α↔9,␈α_36-45.␈α↔ (SUM,␈α↔I:It's␈α_easy␈α↔to
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xpretend intelligence by reflective listening)

␈↓ ↓H␈↓@Weizenbaum,␈α∨Joseph,␈α ␈↓αComputer␈α∨Power␈α and␈α∨Human␈α Reason␈↓,␈α∨San
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xFrancisco,␈αW.H.Freeman,␈α
1976␈α(ESS,␈α
I:␈αwe␈α
should␈αbe␈α
aware␈αof␈αthe␈α
larger
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓ximplications of our work)

␈↓ ↓H␈↓Weyhrauch,␈α∞R.␈α
Prolegomena␈α∞to␈α
a␈α∞theory␈α
of␈α∞mechanized␈α∞formal␈α
reasoning,
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xto appear as a Stanford A.I. Memo, 1979 (DR,P)

␈↓ ↓H␈↓Wickelgren,␈α
Wayne␈αA.,␈α
 ␈↓αHow␈αto␈α
Solve␈αProblems:␈α
Elements␈αof␈α
a␈αTheory␈α
of
␈↓ ↓H␈↓α␈↓ ↓xProblems␈α⊗and␈α∃Problem-solving␈↓.␈α⊗ San␈α∃Francisco:␈α⊗W.H.␈α⊗Freeman␈α∃and
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xCompany,␈α(1974.␈α)  Integrates␈α(Newell␈α)and␈α(Polya's␈α)ideas.␈α( (DR,
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xI:Reconciling Polya and Newell)

␈↓ ↓H␈↓@Wilks,␈α~Y.,␈α→Natural␈α~Language␈α→Understanding␈α~Systems␈α→within␈α~the␈α→AI
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xParadigm:␈α
A␈αSurvey␈α
and␈αSome␈α
Comparsions,␈αAIM-237,␈α
Stanford␈αU.,␈α
1974
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓x(SURV,P)

␈↓ ↓H␈↓@Winograd,␈α⊗Terry,␈α⊗"Five␈α⊗Lectures␈α⊗on␈α⊗Artificial␈α⊗Intelligence",␈α∃Stanford
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xAIM-246, CS459, ADA000085/1WC, 93 pages, September 1974.  (ESS, P)

␈↓ ↓H␈↓@Winograd,␈α⊗Terry,␈α∃A␈α⊗procedural␈α∃model␈α⊗of␈α∃language␈α⊗understanding,␈α∃in
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xSchank␈α∪and␈α∩Colby␈α∪(eds.)␈α∩(SUM,␈α∪I:procedural␈α∪representation,␈α∩systemic
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xgrammar)

␈↓ ↓H␈↓Winograd,␈αTerry,␈α␈↓αUnderstanding␈α
Natural␈αLanguage␈↓,␈αAcademic␈αPress,␈α
Inc.,
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xNew␈α∩York,␈α∩New␈α∪York,␈α∩1972,␈α∩viii␈α∩+␈α∪191␈α∩pages,␈α∩$10.00.␈α∩See␈α∪paper␈α∩in
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xSchank␈α∪and␈α∪Colby␈α∪or␈α∪in␈α∩5␈α∪Lectures␈α∪for␈α∪summary.␈α∪ (DR,␈α∩I:Procedural
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xknowledge in an integrated system).

␈↓ ↓H␈↓@Winograd,␈α∞Terry,␈α∞Frame␈α∞representations␈α∞and␈α∞the␈α∞declarative/procedural
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xcontroversy,␈α*in␈α+Bobrow␈α*&␈α+Collins␈α*(ed),␈α+␈↓αRepresentation␈α*&
␈↓ ↓H␈↓α␈↓ ↓xUnderstanding␈↓,␈α_1975␈α_(ESS,␈α↔I:modularity␈α_of␈α_knowledge␈α↔structures,
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xframes)

␈↓ ↓H␈↓Winograd,␈α∪T.,␈α∪On␈α∪some␈α∪contested␈α∪suppositions␈α∪of␈α∪generative␈α∩linguistics
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xabout␈α⊃the␈α⊂scientific␈α⊃study␈α⊂of␈α⊃language,␈α⊂␈↓αCognition␈↓,␈α⊃5,␈α⊂1977␈α⊃(reply␈α⊂to
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xearlier article by Drescher and Hornstein) (ESS,P)
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓αReferences␈↓␈↓ 
n39


␈↓ ↓H␈↓Winograd,␈α→Terry,␈α→Towards␈α_a␈α→Procedural␈α→Understanding␈α→of␈α_Semantics,
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓x␈↓αRevue␈α→Internationale␈α_de␈α→Philosophie␈↓,␈α_1976␈α→fasc.␈α→3-4␈α_(117-118).
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓x(ESS,I: procedural semantics in linguistics)

␈↓ ↓H␈↓Winston,␈αP.␈α
H.␈α(1972)␈αThe␈α
M.I.T.␈αRobot,␈α
␈↓αMachine␈αIntelligence␈α7␈↓,␈α
American
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xElsevier Pub. (SURV, I:Heterarchical systems)

␈↓ ↓H␈↓Winston,␈α≠Patrick␈α≠H.,␈α≠editor,␈α≠␈↓αThe␈α≠Psychology␈α≠of␈α≤Computer␈α≠Vision␈↓,
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xMcGraw-Hill␈α
Publishing␈αCompany,␈α
New␈α
York,␈αNew␈α
York,␈α1975,␈α
$18.00.
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xMIT␈α∞vision␈α
work,␈α∞+␈α
Minsky's␈α∞FRAMES␈α
paper.␈α∞ (Collection,␈α
each␈α∞at␈α
least
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓x(DR/SUM, ))

␈↓ ↓H␈↓@[MIT74]␈α⊂Winston␈α⊂et␈α⊂al.␈α⊂(1974)␈α⊂New␈α⊂Progress␈α⊂in␈α⊂Artificial␈α∂Intelligence,
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xMIT␈α→AI␈α~Lab␈α→Report␈α~AI-TR-310,␈α→June,␈α~1974.␈α→ (SURV,␈α~Collection␈α→of
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xsummaries, an updated version of [Minsky and Papert PROGRESS])

␈↓ ↓H␈↓Winston,␈αP.␈α
Learning␈αstructural␈α
descriptions␈αfrom␈α
examples.␈αIn␈αP.␈α
Winston
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓x(Ed.),␈α∂␈↓αThe␈α∞psychology␈α∂of␈α∞computer␈α∂vision␈↓.␈α∞New␈α∂York:␈α∞McGraw-Hill,
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓x1975. (DR,I: induction depends on negative and positive examples)

␈↓ ↓H␈↓@Winston,␈α⊃Patrick␈α⊃H.,␈α⊃␈↓αArtificial␈α⊃Intelligence␈↓,␈α⊃Reading:␈α⊂Addison-Wesley,
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓x1977 (TEXT, P) (one of the best overviews of the field)

␈↓ ↓H␈↓Woodham,␈α≡R.J.;␈α≡"A␈α≥Cooperative␈α≡Algorithm␈α≡for␈α≡Determining␈α≥Surface
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xOrientation␈αfrom␈αa␈αSingle␈α
View";␈α␈↓αProceedings␈α5th␈αInternational␈α
Joint
␈↓ ↓H␈↓α␈↓ ↓xConf on Artificial Intelligence␈↓, 1977, 635-641. (DR)

␈↓ ↓H␈↓Woods,␈α∩William␈α∩ [ATN]␈α∩An␈α∩Experimental␈α∩Parsing␈α∩System␈α∩for␈α∩Transition
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xNet␈α∃Grammars,␈α∀in␈α∃␈↓αNatural␈α∃Language␈α∀Processing␈↓,␈α∃Rustin␈α∃(ed),␈α∀New
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xYork, Academic, 1973 (SUM, I: Augmented Transition Net grammars)

␈↓ ↓H␈↓@Woods,␈α⊂W.␈α⊂A.␈α⊂and␈α⊂Makhoul,␈α⊂J.␈α⊂(1973)␈α⊂Mechnical␈α⊂Inference␈α⊂Problems␈α⊂in
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xContinuous␈α$Speech␈α%Understanding.␈α$␈↓α3IJCAI␈↓,␈α$pp.␈α% 200-207.␈α$ This
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xdescribes␈αa␈αpartly-implemented␈αsystem.␈αFor␈αthe␈αfinal␈αstory,␈α
see␈αWoods'
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xarticle␈α!in␈α!IEEE␈α!Transactions␈α!on␈α!ASSP,␈α!February,␈α!1975.␈α! (SUM,
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xI:Incremental simulation)

␈↓ ↓H␈↓@Woods,␈α≤W.,␈α≤What's␈α≤in␈α≤a␈α≤Link:␈α≤Foundations␈α≤for␈α≤Semantic␈α≥Nets,␈α≤in
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓x␈↓αRepresentation␈α⊃and␈α⊃Understanding␈↓,␈α⊃Bobrow␈α⊃and␈α⊃Collins␈α⊃(eds),␈α⊂New
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xYork, Academic, 1975 (ESS,D/I)
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓αReferences␈↓␈↓ 
n40


␈↓ ↓H␈↓Woods,␈α
W.,␈α
M.␈αBates,␈α
B.␈α
Bruce,␈α
and␈αB.L.Nash-Webber,␈α
Uses␈α
of␈α
Higher␈αLevel
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xKnowledge␈α∀in␈α∀a␈α∀Speech␈α∪Understanding␈α∀System,␈α∀␈↓αSIGART␈↓,␈α∀April␈α∪1976
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓x(SUM,I)

␈↓ ↓H␈↓@Yakimovsky,␈α⊗Y.␈α⊗and␈α↔Feldman,␈α⊗J.␈α⊗(1973)␈α⊗A␈α↔Semantics-Based␈α⊗Decision
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xTheory␈α∀Region␈α∪Analyzer.␈α∀␈↓α3IJCAI␈↓,␈α∀Advanced␈α∪Papers␈α∀pp␈α∀580-8.␈α∪(SUM,
␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓xI:pruning using real-world constraints)